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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
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SHORT  EGIPTIAN  GRAMMAR 


BY 


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l-iiOFiisson  1)E.  GUNTHER  ROEDER 

DIRECTOH  or  THE  PEI.IZAEUS-MUSEUM,  HILDESHEIM, 
FORMERLY  READER  IN  EGYPTOLOGY  IN  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  BRESLAU 


TKANSLA1U-]D  FROM  TIIF  GEKMAN 
BY  THE 


Hi:v.  SAMUEL  A.  B.  MEECER  Ph.  D.  (Munich),  D.  D. 

PROl'KSSOB  01'  HEllKEW  AND  OLD  TESTAMRNT  IN  THB 
WESTERN  THEOLOGICAL  SEMINARY  CHICAGO 


NEW  HAVEN :  YALE  UNIVEESITY  PRESS 
LONDON:  HUMPHREY  MILFORD 
OXFORD  UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
MDCCCCXX 


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TO 

Mk.  JOHN  L.  I\1  A  G  E  E 
THIS  ENGLISH  EDITION 
IS  AEFEGTIONATELY  DEDICATED 
BY  THE  TKANSLATOE 


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TRANSLATOR’S  PREFATORY  NOTE. 


The  ever-growing  interest  taken  in  Egyptology  has 
encouraged  the  hope  that  an  English  edition  of  I)]-.  Roeder’s 
compact  little  handbook  may  prove  useful  to  English-speak¬ 
ing  students  of  the  present  time.  Eor  the  beginner 
in  the  ancient  language  of  the  Egyptians,  there  is 
nothing  in  any  language  which  compares  in  any  way 
with  J)r.  Kocder’s  little  book. 

As  translator,  I  have  followed  the  original  as  closely 
as  the  English  idiom  wonld  pei'mit.  I  have,  however, 
inserted  additional  references  in  the  hihliogiaphical 
section,  and  have  here  and  there  tacitly  corrected 
mis-])riuts  and  other  minor  errors.  Because  of  a  dihei- 
euce  between  the  English  and  the  German  pronunciation 
of  the  letter  j,  1  have  used  y  as  the  transliteration  of 
the  Egyptian  (j. 

It  is  with  great  pleasure  that  I  avail  myself  of  the 
oi)portuuity  of  expressing  my  personal  thanks  to  my 
wife  and  Miss  Walther  for  assistance  in  translation,  and 
likewise  to  the  Rev.  J.  A.  IMaynard  for  a  number  of 
corrections  and  helpful  suggestions.  I  wish  also  to 
thank  the  author  for  his  kindness  in  reading  the  proof, 
the  printers  for  the  satisfactory  accomplishment  of  their 
task,  and  the  Yale  University  Press  for  their  work  of 
publication. 

Chicago,  July  17*'’  -  1915. 

Samuel  A.  B.  Mercer. 


PREFACE  OF  THE  AUTHOR. 


AVlien  Ermaii  wrote  liis  Egyptian  Grvammar  in  1894, 
lie  was  confronted  with  tlie  task  of  handling  for  the 
first  time  in  a  scientific  manner  the  hieroglyphics  and 
the  Egyjitian  language.  He  presented  his  subject  in 
such  a  manner,  however,  that  even  a  heginner  could 
study  it.  In  the  later  editions,  with  each  of  which  there 
is  associated  an  advance  in  the  knowledge  and  dissemi¬ 
nation  of  more  correct  conceptions  of  the  Egyptian, 
Erman’s  work  became  broader  and  deeper,  so  that  it 
now  contains  not  only  the  foundations  but  also  prac¬ 
tically  all  the  essential  details  of  our  grammatical 
knowledge.  Hence,  it  has  naturally  become  harder  for 
the  heginner  to  understand.  Furthermore,  since  the 
reading  exercises  have  in  part  been  omitted,  the 
beginner  is  obliged,  even  during  the  first  year,  to 
jirocure  in  addition  to  the  Glrammar  a  Chrestomathy 
and  a  Glossary  as  well.  Idiese  cost  all  together 
Mk.  43.80. 

This  state  of  affairs  has  induced  me  to  com^iile  this 
little  hook  for  all  those  who  wish  to  occupy  themselves 
with  Egyptian  for  a  few  semesters  only;  or  who  wish 
to  overcome  the  first  difficulties  quickly  and  begin  as 
soon  as  possible  the  reading  of  the  easier  texts.  Such 
introductions  arc  found  in  ahundance  in  other  sciences, 
and  have  ])rovcd  of  great  benefit.  It  is  meant  not  only 
to  convey  the  rudiments  in  a  practical  manner,  in  the 
cheapest  possible  form,  for  the  benefit  of  those  inter- 


PREFACE. 


vn 


csted,  at  tlio  univovsity  or  in  wider  circles,  but  also  to 
])lacc  at  their  disposal  for  the  first  year  material  of  the 
easiest  kind,  Avitli  all  the  necessary  apjiaratus  for  reading, 
writing,  and  translating.  It  is  hoped  that  my  work 
will  be  jndged  in  the  light  of  these  circnmstances,  es¬ 
pecially  'in  view  of  its  inexpensiveness. 

j\[y  presentation  of  the  grammar  is  based  upon 
Erman’s  „Grammar“,  Sethe’s  „A"erbum^‘,  and  the  articles 
of  various  authors  a])pearing  in  the  technical  jouimals. 
In  the  composition  of  the  individual  sections,  I  have 
been  guided  by  my  own  experience  in  teaching.  For 
the  arrangement  of  other  parts  of  ray  book,  I  have  had 
no  suitable  model.  The  pi’actical  grammars  in  foreign 
languages,  published  in  England  (Budge,  IMurray)  and 
in  Italy  (Farina),  have  their  own  peculiarities,  to  which  I 
am  indebted  for  occasional  suggestions.  In  accordance 
with  the  modern  method  of  teaching,  employed  in  all 
languages,  I  have  considered  it  my  task  to  bring  before 
the  })upil  from  the  very  first  hieroglyphic  examples  of 
the  rules.  He  should  thus  be  able,  even  after  the  first 
lesson,  to  translate  simple  sentences  independently. 

I  shall  be  thankful  for  any  suggested  improvements, 
which  are  the  result  of  practice;  for  even  the  smallest 
suggestion  arising  from  experience  can  become  of  value 
to  the  future  student.  Only  do  not  ask  for  scientific 
perfection;  that  would  be  impossible  under  the  existing 
conditions.  I  am  perfectly  conscious  of  the  fact  that 
occasionally  I  have  where  unavoidable  somewhat  sim¬ 
plified  complicated  points  of  grammar,  the  double  forms 
of  the  tense  sdm.f  for  example,  or  entirely  omitted 
them.  But  this  book  is  written  for  beginners.  The 


VIII 


PBEFACE. 


omission  of  references  in  the  reading  exercises  is  inten¬ 
tional,  for  tlie  heginner  does  not  need  to  see  the  com¬ 
plete  texts  from  which  the  extracts  were  taken,  and 
the  Egyptologist  knows  them  anyway. 

Breslau,  Christmas  1912. 


Gunther  K  o  e  d  e  r. 


AUTHOR’S  NOTE  ON  T  HE  ENGLISH  EDITION 


The  state  of  affairs  in  connection  witli  English  text- 
hooks  of  the  Egyptian  language  is  not  more  satisfactory 
than  that  of  the  German.  Professor  Breasted’s  trans¬ 
lation  of  the  first  edition  of  Erman’s  grammar  is  long 
since  exhausted  and  outgrown;  and  Budge’s  and  Murray’s 
introductory  hooks,  however  useful  they  may  have  heen, 
cannot  he  considered  a  substitute.  Therefore,  I  have 
gladly  accepted  Professor  ]\[ercer’s  kind  offer  to  trans¬ 
late  my  little  Introduction;  and  students,  as  well  as  I, 
will  be  thankful  for  his  labour  of  love. 

May  Professor  i\rercer  he  permitted  to  see  his  work 
crowned  with  success!  America  and  England  have 
many  first  rate  Egyptian  archaeologists,  hut  compara¬ 
tively  few  Egyptian  philologists;  and  accordingly  the 
attention  of  wider  circles  has  been  directed  more  toward 
excavations  and  antiquities  than  toward  Egy]hian  liter¬ 
ature.  It  would  be  a  real  delight  for  German  Egy])tology, 
if  it  could  see  its  philological  results  made  serviceable 
to  the  same  wider  circles,  and  if  therel)y  the  general 
presentation  of  the  intellectual  life  of  Egypt  could  he 
disseminated  in  a  desirable  manner. 

Hildesheim,  Christmas  1915. 

‘  Glint  her  Boeder. 

d'hc  work  of  printing  could  not  he  linishcd  before 
Christmas  1919.  iMiss  Latona  M'illiams  has  kindly  helped 
much  in  reading  the  proofs  and  in  correcting  errors. 


CONTEN'rS. 


I’age 

Literature . VII 

Chronological  Table  §§  1—6 .  .  1 

Nature  of  the  Language  and  of  its  Script  §§7 — 9  ....  2 

Script  §§10-19 .  4 

I’reliininarj'  Survey  §§20 — 28  .  9 

I’honology  §§29 — 34  .  12 

Noun  §§35 — 48  .  15 

General  §§35 — 41.  Adjective  §§42 — 45.  Numerals  §§46 — 48. 

Pronoun  §§49 — 59  .  21 

Particles  §§60—70  .  25 

Preposition  sand  Conjunctions  §§60 — 64.  Adverbs  and  Par¬ 
ticles  §§65—70. 

Verb  §§71—130 .  30 

Stem  §§71 — 79.  Conditional  forms  §§80 — 82.  Suffix  con¬ 
jugation  §§83 — 96.  Predicate  §§97—98.  Imperative 
§§99 — 103.  Infinitive  §§  104 — 111.  Participles  §§112  — 117. 
Kelative  forms  §§118  -120.  Auxiliary  Verb  §§I2! — 130. 

Syntax  (The  Sentence)  §§131 — 141 .  48 

Order  of  Words  and  Emphasis  in  Principal  Sentences 
§§131 — 133.  Special  Kinds  of  Sentences  §§134  — 141. 

hist  of  Hieroglyphs .  54 

Vocabulary .  63 

Notes  on  the  Reading  E.xercises .  80 

Inde.x .  86 

Reading  Exercises  .  .  .  ■ . *1 — *56 


Literature  for  Beginners. 

Inlrodiictiuii.  AD.  ERMAN,  Die  Hieroglyplien,  Gosclien 
Series,  1912,  80  Rt'.,  containing  a  concise  sketch  of  the  decipher¬ 
ment  and  grammar  as  well  as  a  few  texts. 

Texts.  When  the  present  Grammar  and  Reading  Exercises 
are  finished,  the  student  should  attempt  texts  which  are  almost  or 
quite  complete  and  which  are  printed  in  the  form  of  sentences. 
Such  will  be  found  in  AD.  ERMAN,  Agyptische  Chrestomathie, 
Berlin,  1904,  12,50  M. ;  E.  A.  WALLIS  BUDGE,  An  Egyptian 
Reading  Book,  London,  1896,  18  shillings  (a  series  of  historical, 
funeral,  moral,  religious,  and  mythological  texts  printed  in  hiero¬ 
glyphic  characters  together  with  a  transliteration  and  a  complete 
vocabulary);  K.  8ETHE,  Drkunden  des  Agyptischen  Alter- 
tums:  IV.  Ur k  unden  der  18.  Dynastie,  16  Hefte,  Leipzig, 
1905  ff.,  each  5  M.  The  student  should  not  allow  the  occurrence 
of  occasional  words,  forms ,  and  constructions  which  are  not  clear 
to  liinder  his  progress,  and  difficulties  will  increase  when  he  tackles 
inscriptions  in  their  original  arrangement.  For  such,  see :  Staatliche 
Museen  zu  Berhn,  Agyptische  Inschriften  (since  1901,  7  Hefte, 
Berlin,  1901  ft’.,  each  7,50  M.);  Hieroglyphic  Texts  from 
Egyptian  Btelae,  etc.,  in  the  British  Museum  (since  1910, 
5  parts,  London,  1910  ff. ,  each  7s.  6d.).  Then  he  should  copy 
inscriptions  in  Museums,  Institutes,  or  Libraries  which  have  origi¬ 
nals,  plaster  casts,  or  photographs.  Then  and  only  then  will  he 
learn  to  understand  the  peculiarity  of  the  hieroglyphic  scidpt  and 
the  nature  of  ancient  monuments. 

Graiimiar.  AD.  ERMAN,  Agyptische  Grammatik,  3.  Aufl., 
Berlin,  1911.  18  M.  (scientific  and  complete:  first  edition  translated 
by  James  H. Breasted, New  York,  1894).  K.  SETHE,  Das  agy pti sche 
Verbum,  I — II,  Leipzig,  1899,  50  M.  (fundamental).  E.  A.  WAL¬ 
LIS  BUDGE,  Fir  st  Steps  in  Egyptian, London,  1895,  12shillings 
(only  a  collection  of  examples  for  the  purpose  of  learning  the  use  of 
words,  without  grammatical  treatment).  MARGARET  A.  MURRAY, 
Elementary  Egyptian  Grammar,  London,  1908,  4  shillings 
(a  brief  synopsis  of  Egyptian  grammar  without  a  chrestomathy). 


XII 


LITERATURE. 


Lexicons.  AD.  EKMAN,  Agyptisches  Glossar,  Berlin, 
1904,  13  M.  (belongs  to  the  Chrestomathie) ;  Zur  agyptischen 
^Vortf  orschung  I — lU,  Sitzungsberichte  der  Preussischen  Akaile- 
mie  der  Wissenschafteu,  1907,  1912,  Berlin,  3,50  M.;  K.  SETHE, 
Verbum  III,  Indices,  Leipzig,  1902,  16  M.  (nearly  all  verbs,  but 
with  references  to  examples).  HEINE,.  BEUGSCH,  Hierogly- 
phisch-  demotisches  Worterbuchl — VII, Leipzig,  1867 — 1882, 
820  M.  (comprehensive  but  antiquated). 

Coptic.  Whoever  wishes  to  understand  Egyptian  grammar 
and  syntax  fully  must  study  Coptic,  which  furnishes  the  vowel 
sounds:  G.  STEINDOEFF,  Koptische  Grammatik,  2.  Aufl., 
Berlin,  1904,  14  M.  M.  A.  MUEEAY,  Elementarj’  Coptic 
(Sahidic)  Grammar,  London,  1911.  Cf.  §8d.  below. 

History.  JAMES  H.  BEEASTED,  A  History  of  the 
Ancient  Egyptians,  New  York,  1908,  $1.50  (with  four  maps 
and  three  plans;  there  is  a  larger  edition  of  the  same  work  with 
200  illustrations;  $  4.80).  A.  A.  WALLIS  BUDGE,  A  History'  of  the 
Egyptian  People,  London,  1914  (with  illustrations).  EDUAED 
MEYEE,  Geschiclite  des  Altertums,  2.  Aufl.,  1,  2,  Stuttgart- 
Berhn,  1909,  15  M.  (purely  scientific  with  bibliography.) 

History  of  Culture.  AD.  EEMAN,  Life  in  Ancient 
Egypt,  translated  by  H.  M.  Tirard,  London  and  New  York, 
1894  (with  411  illustrations,  comprehensive  an  fundamental). 
G.  STEINDOEFF,  Die  Bliitezeit  des  Pharaonenreichs, 
Bielefeld-Leipzig,  1900, 4 M.  (with  143  pictures).  GUNTHEE  EOEDER, 
Aus  dem  Leben  vorne  Inner  Agypter,  Leipzig,  1912, 
1  M.  (translations  of  autobiographies  Avith  16  pictures).  HEE- 
MANN  SCHNEIDEE,  Kultur  und  Den  ken  der  al  ten  Agypter, 
2.  Ausgabe,  Leipzig,  1909  (with  eight  pictures  and  one  map). 

Religion.  AD.  EEMAN,  A  Handbook  of  Egy'ptian 
Eeligion,  translated  from  the  German  by  A.  S.  Griffith,  New  York, 
1907  (with  130  illustrations). GEOEG  STEINDOEFF,  The  Eeligion 
of  the  Ancient  Egyptians,  American  Lectui'es  on  the  History 
of  Eeligions,  New  York  and  London,  1905.  JAMES  H.  BEEASTED, 
Development  of  Eeligion  and  Thought  inancient  Egypt, 
New  Y'oi'k,  1912,  $1.50  (Avith  special  reference  to  the  pyramid 
texts  and  the  Old  Testament).  GUNTHEE  EOEDEE,  Urkunden 


I-ri’EEATURE 


XIII 


zur  Religion  des  alten  Agypten,  Jena  1915,  7,50  M.  (Trans¬ 
lations  of  texts  w  ith  introduction  and  explanations). 

Literature.  AD.  ERMAN  and  FR.  KREBS,  Aus  den 
Papyrus  der  Museen  zu  Berlin,  Berlin,  1899,  4  M.  (a  collection 
of  translations  with  37  specimens  of  writing).  G.  MASPERO,  Les 
coutes  populaires  de  I’Egypte  ancienne,  4.  ed. ,  Paris,  1911 
(translations  of  Egyptian  literature).  E.  A.  WALLIS  BUDGE,  The 
Literature  of  the  Ancient  Egyptians,  London,  1914, 
5  shillings.  ALFRED  WIEDEMANN,  Popular  Literature  in 
Ancient  Egypt,  translated  by  J.  Hutschison,  London,  1902. 
EPIPHANIUS  WILSON,  Egyptian  Literature ,  Revised  Edition, 
London,  and  New  York,  1901  (compiising  Egyptian  Tales,  Hymns, 
Litanies,  Invocations,  the  Book  of  the  Dead,  and  Cuneiform  writings). 
Records  of  the  Past,  Egyptian  Texts,  Vols.  IV  — YI,  London. 
W.  M.  F.  PI'iTRIE,  Egyptian  Tales,  Vols.  I  II,  London.  1899. 

Art.  WILII.  SPIEGELBERG,  Geschichte  der  agyptischen 
Kunst,  Leipzig,  1903,  2  M.  (with  79  pictures).  F.  W.  v.  BISSING, 
Einfiihrung  in  die  Geschichte  der  agyptischen  Kunst, 
Berlin,  1908,  4  M.  (with  32  plates);  Denkmiiler  iigyptischer 
Skulptur,  Miinchen,  1906  —  191  1,  240  M.  (144  large  plates  with 
text).  G.  MASPERO,  Art  in  Egj'pt,  London,  1912,  $  1.50  (with 
many  pictures).  JE.4N  CAPART,  L’Art  J'lgyptien,  Serie  1  —  2, 
Bruxelles,  1909  and  1911,  each  10  Fr.  (each  100  pictures  with  short 
text).  W.  M.  F.  PETRIE,  Egyptian  Decorative  Art,  London, 
1895;  Arts  and  Crafts  in  Ancient  Egypt,  London,  1906, 
5  slrillings. 

Museums.  Staatliche  Museen  zu  Berlin,  Ausf iihrl iches 
Verzeichnis  der  agyptischen  Altertiimer  und  Gipsab- 
giisse,  1899,  3  M.  (with  83  pictures).  G.  MASPERO ,  Guide  to 
the  Cairo  Museum,  5.  ed.,  Cairo,  1910.  LUDWIG  BORCHARDT, 
Works  of  Art  from  the  Egyptian  Museum  at  Cairo,  Cairo, 
1908,  25  shillings  (50  photographs  with  short  text).  E.  A.  WAL¬ 
LIS  BUDGE,  A  Guide  to  the  Egyptian  Collections  in  the 
British  Museum,  London,  1909  (with  53  plates  and  180 illustrations 
in  the  text).  New  York,  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art; 
A  Handbook  of  the  Egyptian  Rooms,  New  York,  1911  (with 
many  illustrations).  Various  reports  of  accessions  to  different 


XIV 


LITEKATUEE 


Egyptian  collections:  Bulletin  of  the  Metropolitan  Museum 
of  Art,  New  York;  Museum  of  Fine  Arts  Bulletin,  Boston; 
Amtliche  Berichte  aus  den  Staatlichen  Museen,  Berlin. 

Periodicals.  Proceedings  of  the  Society  of  Biblical 
Archaeology,  London;  Zeitschriftfiir  agyptische  Sprache 
und  Altertumskunde,  Leipzig;  llecueil  detravauxrelatifs 
a  la  philologie  et  l’arch6ologie  6gj'ptiennes  et  assyrien- 
nes,  Paris  (all  three  for  the  whole  field  of  Egyptology,  the  last  two 
also  for  the  language).  Journal  of  Egyptian  Archaeology, 
London,  Vol.  I,  1914;  Ancient  Egypt,  London,  Vol.  I,  1914  (both 
especially  for  excavations).  Annales  du  Service  des  Antiquitfes 
de  I’Egypte,  Cairo;  Orientalistische  Literaturzeitung, 
Leipzig  (with  bibliography  of  books  and  articles).  Articles  and 
reports  on  Egyptologj'  are  also  to  be  found  in  :  American  Journ  al 
of  Archaeology,  New  York;  Annals  of  Archaelogy  and 
Anthropology,  Liverpool;  Sphinx,  Upsala;  Jornal  of  the 
Manchester  Egj’ptian  and  Oriental  Society’,  Manchester. 

Bibliography.  J’.  LI.  GRIFFITH  in  Archaeological 
Report,  Egj’pt  Exploration  Fund,  London,  yearly  since 
1 892-- 1893,  and  continued  in  JournalofEgyptianArchaeolog3'. 
L.  SCHERMAN,  Orientalische  Bibliographic,  Vols.  I— XXV 
for  1887  —  1911.  See  also  the  various  lists  in  the  periodicals,  and 
the  j'earlj'  reports  in:  Jahresberichte  derGeschichtswissen- 
schaft,  Berlin;  Zeitschrift  der  Deutschen  Morgen- 
liindischen  G  esellschaft,  Leipzig;  Theologischer  Jahres- 
bericht,  Leipzig;  American  Journal  of  Archaeologj’,  New 
York. 


Chronological  Table. 

EARLY  PERIOD:  Predynastic  period  and  Dyn.  1—2.  §  1. 

4000-2000  B.  C. 

Primitive  culture;  beginning  of  the  script. 

OLD  KINGDOM:  Dyn.  3-6  2900-2400  B.  C.  §  2. 

Kings  were  buried  in  pyramids  (in  which  are  the  “Pyramid  texts”); 
rich  private  persons  in  Mastabas. 

MIDDLE  KINGDOM:  Dyn.  11-13  2200-1800  B.  C.  §  3. 

Dynasty  12  is  the  period  of  classic  literature  and  religion.  Secular 
and  religious  texts  were  written  on  pap3Tus  in  hieratic,  or  engraved 
and  painted  in  hieroglvphics  on  the  walls  of  temples  and  private 
tombs  and  coffins. 

NEW  KINGDOM;  Dyn.  17-21  1600-1000  B.  C.  §  4. 

The  classic  literature  of  the  Middle  Kingdom  is  further  continued; 
gradually  more  and  more  elements  from  the  vernacular  penetrate 
into  the  classic  language,  and  from  the  hieratic  script  pass  into  the 
hieroglyphics. 

LATE  PERIOD;  (Libyan,  Nubian,  and  Persian  su-  §  6. 
premacy):  Dyn.  22—30  1000—332  B.  C. 

After  the  language  and  orthographj’  had  completely  degenei’ated, 
there  was  a  conscious  return  to  antique  words,  forms,  and  writing; 
the  “renaissance”  was  carried  out  by  the  kings  of  Sais  (“Saitic 
Period”). 

GRAECO-ROMAN  PERIOD:  since  332  B.  C.  §  6. 

While  in  daily  life  a  very  slurred  vernacular  was  used — written  in 
the  “demotic”  script — the  priests,  studying  the  religious  literature 
of  all  past  epochs,  placed  their  texts  on  the  walls  of  the  temples 
in  mysterious  reinterpreted  hieroglyphics  which  none  of  the  common 
people  could  read.  The  knowledge  of  the  hieroglyphics  died  out 
with  the  last  priests  of  the  Egyptian  gods,  who  in  I’emote  places 
served  them  until  the  fifth  centuiw  A.  D.  The  Greek  language, 
which  was  spoken  in  Egypt  since  the  last  few  centuries  B.  C., 
entirely  replaced  the  native  idiom  in  the  first  century  A.  D. 
Eoedeb-Meeoeb,  Short  Egvpiian  Grammar  1 


Nature  of  the  Language  and  Script. 

§  7.  The  Egyptian  language  is  related  to  Semitic  languages 
as  well  as  to  the  Berber  and  East  African  Hamitic 
languages,  and  has  connections,  which  are  easily  traceable, 
with  each  individual  language  of  both  these  groups.  The 
theory  of  the  grafting  of  a  Semitic  on  to  an  African 
language  has  lately  been  given  up  again.  If  this  intro¬ 
duction  associates  itself  closely  with  the  Semitic  languages, 
especially  Hebrew,  it  does  so  only  on  superficial  grounds: 
on  the  one  hand,  because  the  history  of  Semitic  languages 
is  better  known  to  us  than  that  of  the  African;  and  on 
the  other,  because  the  greater  number  of  those  who  will 
use  this  book  will  be  Semitic  and  theological  students. 

§  8.  The  most  important  epochs  in  the  development  of  the 
Egyptian  language — only  one  of  which  is  really  taken 
into  consideration  by  this  introduction,  namely,  the 
classical  language — are  the  following: 

«  THE  ANCIENT  LANGUAGE:  in  the  “.Pyramid 
texts”  (religious  inscriptions  of  the  Old  Kingdom). 
Preserved  almost  entirely  in  the  hieroglyphics. 
h  THE  CLASSICAL  LANGUAGE:  in  the  inscriptions 
and  papyri  of  the  Middle  Kingdom;  imitated  in  the 
official  and  religious  inscriptions  of  all  the  following 
epochs;  but  became  more  and  more  intermingled  with 
vernacular  forms  and  words.  They  are  written  in 
hieroglyphics  and  hieratic. 

e  THE  VERNACULAR:  in  the  earlier  epochs  only 
faintly  traceable;  generally  used  in  daily  intercourse  and 
secular  writings  of  the  New  Kingdom;  written  almost 


§§  8.  9.  Nature  of  the  Language  and  Script. 


3 


entirely  in  hieratic  on  papyrus.  From  this  idiom  the 
language  of  the  Late  Period  was  developed,  which  was 
written  in  demotic  and  used  in  official  documents  down 
to  the  Roman  period. 

COPTIC:  spoken  in  Christian  times,  and  also  used 
for  the  translation  of  the  Bible,  etc.  It  is  a  development 
of  the  vernacular  of  earlier  times,  and  is  written  with 
the  Greek  alphabet  and  native  supplementary  letters, 
and  hence  is  known  to  us  in  vocalization  also. 

The  Egyptian  language  is  written  in  three  different  §  9. 
styles  of  script,  which  in  this  introduction  are  always 
transposed  into  hieroglyphics,  facing  towards  the  left. 

All  scripts  render  only  the  consonants,  without  consider¬ 
ing  the  vowels. 

HIEROGLYPHICS:  used  in  temples  and  tombs  a 
carved  in  stone  and  wood  or  painted  in  colours;  facing 
usually  towards  the  right,  but  sometimes,  for  decorative 
reasons,  towards  the  left.  The  knowledge  of  them  was 
confined  to  priests  and  scholars. 

HIERATIC:  written  on  papyrus  with  a  dried  rush  h 
stem  and  black  or  red  ink.  The  individual  signs  are 
written  in  more  or  less  abbreviated  form  according  to 
the  hand-writing.  They  stand  for  hieroglyphs,  and  are 
always  rendered  in  this  introduction  by  hieroglyphs. 
They  are  written  from  right  to  left;  but  as  hieroglyphics 
they  are  reversed  in  this  introduction. 

DEMOTIC:  an  abbreviated  script  (brachygraph)  c 
of  the  Graeco-Roman  period  developed  from  the  Hiei'a- 
tic;  facing  towards  the  right. 


1* 


The  Script. 

10.  The  hieroglyphic  script  originated  in  pictures  of  visible 

objects;  a  picture  was  drawn  and  the  name  of  the  re¬ 
presented  object,  or  the  act  indicated  thereby,  was 
pronounced.  For  example  @  was  written  for  hor  “face”, 
or  -<2>-  for  yar(t)  “eye”  and  for  words  of  “seeing”. 
Later  on,  these  pictures  were  also  used  for  words  which 
happened  to  be  composed  of  the  same  consonants  as 
those  which  made  up  their  own  name;  thus  was 
written  also  for  Mr  “upon”  and  for  May  “the  upper", 
likewise  was  used  for  all  forms  of  the  verb  “to 

make”,  yir,  yer,  yor,  etc.  In  all  these  cases  no  account 
was  taken  of  the  vowels,  so  that  gradually  the  original 
pictures  of  objects  became  signs  for  groups  of  consonants. 
Some  of  these  groups  of  consonants  were  very  short, 
and  appeared  in  other  words  as  syllables.  Herein  lies 
an  important  step  in  the  evolution  of  hieroglyphics  to¬ 
wards  a  phonetic  script.  Finally,  some  of  the  characters 
depreciated  so  much,  that  they  represented  only  one 
consonant.  It  thereby  became  possible  to  write  any 
desired  word  as  well  as  to  denote  the  grammatical 
endings  of  words. 

11.  The  hieroglyphic  script  of  historical  times  contains 
elements  of  every  epoch  of  its  development;  it  has,  in 
the  first  place,  pictures  for  whole  words  (“word  — signs’’), 
or  for  small  groups  of  consonants  (wrongly  called 
“syllabic-signs”);  and  secondly,  alphabetic  phonetic  signs 
for  individual  consonants  (§  12).  A  very  practical  habit 
of  tlie  Egyptians  helps  us  to  obtain  quickly  and  almost 
accurately  the  meaning  of  words  written  phonetically: 


§§  n.  13.  Tue  Scrip r. 


5 


they  placed  at  the  end  of  almost  every  word  a  picture 
(“determinative”  or  “explanatory-sign’’),  by  which  they 
indicated  the  group  to  which  the  word  in  question  be¬ 
longed.  The  determinatives  and  word-signs  are  closely 
connected  in  origin  and  use.  Thus,  after  names  and 


designations  of  men  is  placed  a 


of  women  a 


of  gods  a 


of  birds  a  ,  of  snakes  a  Mil after 

substantives  and  verbs  which  are  associated  with  the 
idea  of  running  a  _/^,  with  that  of  eating  and  speaking 

a  with  that  of  seeing  a  -c2>-,  with  that  of  sun, 
light,  or  time  a  O,  ''vith  that  of  a  range  of  desert 
mountains  a  ,  with  that  of  fire  a  ;  after  abstracts 

a  iiarchment-roll  .  w  after  energetic  activities  a  ^ 
or  etc. 

The  number  of  determinatives  is  very  large,  and  for  in¬ 
dividual  words  they  can  be  used  and  multiplied  to  almost 
any  extent;  yet  in  general,  there  are  certain  definite 
ways  of  writing  the  words;  and,  in  fact,  as  time  passed, 
more  and  more  determinatives  were  placed  after  a  word 
(§  12  on  page  6;  cf.  p.  *1).  §  12. 

Some  characters  were  taken  later  on  into  the  alphabet,  §  13. 
and,  occasionally  in  the  Middle  Kingdom,  but  often  in  the 
New  Kingdom,  they  occur  instead  of  the  older  characters. 

They  are  / -  for  m,  ^  for  AAAAAA  ilj  for  (|  y, 

(g  for  Kurther,  quite  early  they  wrote  (|(|  instead 

of  (1  for  y  and 


or 


for  ni. 


*  The  designations  are  traditional  and  partly  quite  arbitrary;  they  may  not  at  all  mean 
what  the  picture  represents.  2  xhe  Semitic  equivalents  are  in  reality  more  com¬ 

plicated  than  can  be  represented  in  this  tabulated  and  preliminary  list. 


§  12. 


LIST  OP  PHONETIC  SIGNS  (ALPHABET) 


M  O 

^  Ct> 


cr 

o 

X 


a  S 


CD 

CD 

&- 

CD^ 

P 


CD 

P 

aq 


w  m  u 


vj 


cn 

e 

P 

er*- 

O 

CO 

cr^  ^ 
p  5. 

'-p 

o 

p 

e 

0 

CO  p 

c 

pr 

a> 

p- 

CfQ 

CO 

c-K 

O 

g- 

CP 

cr 

cr 

p 

s 

p- 


D 

rt) 

P 

P 

D 

CP 


O'  O  CP 
^  ^  So" 
<rt-  cr 


J 


D  0 


O  >=oo 


?p 


^  •>;<  CC\  Co  1^ 


u  a  o  !3  i-'  u  “a  Q,  q*  "  ri  n  n 

n  r-i  n 
n. 


Co  i 


of  the  Sign*  Signs  Sound  Semitic-  Name  of  the  Sign  Signs  Sound  Semitic 


§§  14.  15.  'I’m:  fcie'i;irr. 


7 


Tlie  Egyptians  laid  more  stress  on  the  calligraphy  §  14 
than  on  the  correct  writing  of  a  word.  The  characters 
belonging  together  were  always  placed  in  a  square;  thus 


a 


and  not 


I  •  .w  J  ‘ 


In  order 


to  get  the  desired  square,  consonants  were  occasionally 


instead  of 


rmt 


omitted,  e.  g. 

“man”;  or  characters  were  placed  one  inside  the  other, 
e.  g.  instead  of  \>  ivt,  instead  of  ^^7 

some  characters,  also,  were  placed  horizontally  or  verti¬ 
cally  as  desired. 

In  the  use  and  writing  of  “word-signs”  and  “syllabic-  §  16 
signs”  (for  words  of  more  than  one  consonant)  they 
proceeded  quite  differently,  sometimes  according  to  rule, 
sometimes  at  will  and  variably.  Namely: 

ai  All  consonants  of  syllabic-signs  were,  in  addition,  a 


written  out  singly;  e.  g.  |ljj  sW,:  “crocodile”, 
ym^h  “respectable”,  ^  m^c  “just”. 


b)  Only  the  first  consonant  Avas  written  separately:  b 
wd  “to  command”. 


c)  Only  the  last  consonant  was  Avritten  separately:  c 

fAAAAAA  »  M 11. 

Cnh  “to  live”;  syllables: 

^  Q  -  AA/wy\ 

my\ 

d)  The  Avord-sign,  wdth  or  without  a  stroke  under  or  d 
after  it,  stands  alone,  without  the  addition  of  a  consonant: 

hrp  “guide”,  pr  “house”,  |  mr  “director”, 

hry  “chief”. 


8 


§§  16—18.  The  Script. 


16.  As  in  Semitic  grammar,  and  w  are  called  “weak 
consonants".  They  are  often  not  written  even  when  they 
are  spoken;  perhaps  because  they  had  occasionally,  as 
is  certainly  the  case  in  Coptic  as  well  as  in  Semitic 
languages,  the  value  of  a  vowel  (“half-vowel'’). 

17.  The  determinatives  are  added  or  omitted,  often  at 
will.  The  number  of  added  determinatives,  also,  is  not 
the  same  in  different  kinds  of  orthography;  in  general, 
papp'i  oftener  than  inscriptions  have  a  determinative, 
and,  indeed,  since  the  New  Kingdom,  prefer  several 
determinatives  after  a  word.  Examples;  |  or  | 


“brother”. 


Ci  “great”,  t _ ) 


“work” 

wn  “to  open”, 


ill 


or 


^ ^  tv^y?'  “Osiris”, 
wstn  “to  steji”. 

18.  Special  script-play  arose,  due  to  the  fact  that  signs 
for  holy  or  revered  persons  or  things  were  placed  before 
a  those  signs  which  they  should  immediately  have  followed. 
Examples;  lim-ntr  “servant  of  the  god,  prophet”, 

y  “house  of  the  god,  temple”,  mryymn 

“beloved  of  Amon”  (Miauouv). 
b  Names  of  kings  were  enclosed  in  an  oblong,  (“king’s 
ring,  cartouche”)  c — y  (hieroglyph  for  rn  “name”).  Exam- 

€ 


pies; 


/WVWv 


yinn-htp  Amenhotep 


.  (^o  W’u] 


(Ur-k^-rC  (hrst  name  of  Amenhotep  I). 
c  Stereotyped  formulas  and  frequently  recurring  titles 
were  repeated  only  in  recognized  abbreviations.  Examples; 
n,  stn  byty  “king  of  Upper  Egypt,  king  of  Lower 


§  19.  The  Script.  §  20.  J?rei,rminary  Survey. 


9 


Egypt”;  _ 0  /vi  nJjt  “the  stroug  ox”  (king’s  title), 


Ijm-ntr  tpi/  “first  prophet,  chief  iiriest”; 


W(U,  mb,  “may  he  live,  be  happy  and  well”  after  the 
names  of  kings  (*56,  1). 

Our  transcription  in  Latin  letters  is  not  meant  to  §  19. 
render  every  hieroglyphic  character,  but  only  the  con¬ 
sonantal  value  (without  repetition)  which  is  represented; 


thus,  we  transcribe 


not  by  sn-ti-man  but  by 


s'n.  Furthermore,  the  omitted  weak  consonants  y  and  w 


are  also  to  be  inserted  in  the  transcription: 


kbhw 


„cool  water”.  Finally,  the  old  consonantal  values  which 
were  altered  because  of  the  change  of  sound  are  to  be 
replaced  (§  33).  In  each  word,  the  root  is  separated 
by  a  point  from  the  preceding  and  succeeding  parts 
(s.Cnlj  “to  give  life”,  m.sdm.t  “rouge”,  pr.f  “his  house”^; 
compound  words  are  connected  by  a  hyphen  (Im-ntr 
“servant  of  the  god”). 


Preliminary  Survey. 

The  Egyptian  has  two  genders:  masculine  and  feminine.  §  20. 
Masculine  substantives  and  adjectives  have  no  ending 
which  is  invariably  present;  feminines  add  t  to  the  stem: 

si  “son”,  “daughter”;  J  si  nfr 

“a  good  son”,  sd.t  nfr.t  “a  good  daughter”. 

Substantives  and  adjectives  can  stand  in: 

Singular;  ending:  mas.  — ,  fern.  t. 


a 


10 


§§  21.  22.  Pkeliminakv  Buuvev. 


b  Plural;  ending :  mas.  tv,  fern,  wt;  always  with  the  addition 
of  three  strokes  i  i  i  or  I .  Examples :  ^  ^  liCw 

“the  arms”,  “the  workshops”.  (Continued 

in  §  36  a.) 

The  definite  article  is  “the”  (mascul.), 

“the”  (feinin.),  cf.  examples  in  §  41. 

The  nominative  and  accusative  are  not  difterentiated 

a 

in  hieroglypics;  thus  I  stn  “the  king”  (nom.  and 

T  AAA<V\A  xJ. 

acc.);  “lie"  “him”. 

b  The  addition  of  the  preposition  /WVSAA  )l  corres})onds  to 
the  English  dative  with  “to”;  thus  ANW\\  I  Ji  stn 

I  AAWVA 

“to  the  king.” — Cf.  §  61c. 

c  The  genetive  relation  is  rendered  either  by  direct 
proximity  of  the  two  words  (“status  constructus”  or 
“construct  state”);  or  by  means  of  the  connecting  word 

0 


fern.  n.t,  plural  or  ^  n.iv,  which 

agrees  in  gender  and  number  with  the  preceding  sub¬ 
stantive.  Examples:  mr  msC  “commander  of  the  army” 
(*2,  6);  pr  n  ymn  “house  of  Amon”  (*2,  9);  ^niCy.t  n.t  ynin 
“dancing-girl  of  Amon”  (*2,  10);  hmw.t  n.w  h  t-ntr 
“workshops  of  the  temple”  (*2,  llj.  (The  hieroglyphs 
of  these  examples  should  always  be  copied  from  the 
reading  exercises.) 

As  in  Semitic  languages,  the  pronoun  can  be  affixed 
(“pronominal  suffix”)  to  the  substantive  with  which  it  is 

intrinsically  connected:  ^  si.y  “my  son”, 


§§  23  26.  I’kei.iminauy  Survey. 


11 


“thy  house”. 


h.t.J  “his  l)ody”, 


si.t.s  “her 


daughter”. 

Tlie  same  pronominal  suffixes  are  attached  to  the  root  §  2;j. 
of  the  verb  in  order  to  indicate  the  subject.  E.  g.  from 

^  stjm.y 


sdm  ‘  to  hear”  we  have  the  present:  ^ ' 

“I  hear”,  6V/>«.A' “thou  hear est”, 

m  n  AAWW. 

“he  hears”,  ^  v\  1  sdni.sn  “they  hear”.  In  like 


n  as  a  sign  of 


«  AAAAAA 


manner  the  perfect,  which  attaches 
time  to  the  stem  of  the  verb:  ^  sdm.n.y  “I 

a  AAAAAA 

have  heard”,  sdm.n.k  “thou  hast  heard”, 

kAAAAAA  ^ 

sdm  71  f  “he  has  heard”. 

As  a  preliminary  to  the  subject  of  prepositions,  note  §  24. 


the  following:  m  “in”,  “with”;  n  “for”,  r  <c:^ 

“to”,  hi'  “upon”. 

The  order  of  words  in  the  Egyptian  sentence  is  §  25. 
essentially  the  same  as  in  the  Semitic,  this  order  being: 

1)  verb,  2)  subject,  3j  object,  4)  further  modifications. 

Models  of  verbal  sentences:  §  20. 

With  a  transitive  verb:  rdy  hd.ty-C  td  n  hhr  “the  a 
count  gives  bread  to  the  hungry”  (*3,5):  rdy.y  n.k  sfy.t.k 
m  yh.xv  n.w  rmt  “I  give  (place)  thee  thy  reputation  in 
the  hearts  of  men”  (*3,6). 

AVith  an  intransitive  verb:  //fp  ytm  m  ydh.t  ymn.ty.t  b 
„Atum  sets  in  the  western  horizon”  (*3,7). 

With  the  verb  “to  be”:  yw  ddh  ymf  “figs  are  in  it”  r, 
("7,2). 


12 


§§  27.  28.  Preliminary  Survey.  §  29.  Phonology. 


§  27.  The  vei’b  “to  be”  can  be  omitted;  in  wbicb  case  the 
sentence  consists  merely  in  a  “noun”  (substantive)  and 
adjective,  and  is  called  a  “nominal  sentence”,  ci  hij.t  f, 
Csi  hBk.w.f  “its  honey  (is)  enormous,  its  olive-trees  (are) 
innumerable”  (*7,4). 

§  2)s.  With  i-egard  to  the  attaching  ot  subordinate  sentences 
the  following  is  important: 

a  Relative  sentences  are  either  not  introduced  at  all,  or 


b 


AA/WV\ 

are  introduced  by  the  connective  nty  “which,  fern. 


nty.t,  plu. 


nty. IV.  Examples:  “the  singer. 


nty  m  ti  (m.)chc.t  who  is  in  the  grave”  (*49,2). 


The  negative  nn  “not“  is  used  before  negative 

AWVNA 

nominal  and  verbal  sentences;  e.  g.  nn  drw  “there  is  no 
limit”  (*7,7);  “a  bark,  tin  ]>m.s  whose  rudder  was  not 
there”  (*43,4);  nn  snC.w  bi.y  my  soul  was  not  guarded 
(*23,7). 


Phonology. 

The  following  should  be  added  to  the  table  (§  12)  of 
alphabetic  signs  and  their  meaning: 

§  29.  To  the  “weak”  consonants:  i  is  so  closely  related 

to  the  weak  consonants  that  it  is  often  not  written; 
e.  g.  d/i  “food”  .  It  sometimes  changes  to  (|  y,  e.  g. 
in  which  case  the  word  is 

often  written  with  ,  as  in  the  old  orthography,  still 

py- 


another  y  being  added  to  the 


§§  30.  31.  Phonology. 


13 


[|  y  has  a  double  nature  ;  it  corresponds  in  Coptic,  h 

as  well  as  in  the  Semitic  languages,  sometimes  to  y, 
sometimes  to  i.  As  a  weak  consonant  it  is  often  not 


wr 


itten  (§  16).  It  changes  with  ^  w  (cf.  d). 

_ D  C  is,  in  contradistinction  to  i,  y,  and  w  a  strong  c 

and  unchangeable  consonant,  which,  until  the  fifth  cen¬ 
tury  B.  C.,  was  still  spoken,  and  its  influence  appears 
in  the  Coptic  etymology. 

^  w,  as  a  weak  consonant,  is  often  not  written  (§  16).  d 

In  some  words  old  tv  becomes  y,  in  others  old  y  be¬ 
comes  w. 

As  to  72,  r,  h  the  Egyptian  script  knows  no  Z;  where  §  30. 
the  Coptic  has  an  I,  or  where  the  corresponding  Semitic  ® 
indicates  it,  n  /wvvw  or  ci:>  r  or  the  vulgar  combination 


AW^A^  AA/VWV 

or  I  I  I  nr  is  found. 


Final  c=:>  r  sometimes  appears  in  the  script  slurred  h 
to  (|  2/  (i.  e.  i*?),  and  then  in  Coptic  disappears.  In  reality 
it  disappeared  in  early  times.  Such  an  r  is  written 


which  can  only  be  transcribed  in  an  historical 

way  by  r,  or  by  y  according  to  the  effected  vow'el- 
change.  Cf.  kvr,  *24,1;  skr  *13,5. 

The  aspirates.  They  were  sharply  distinguished  from  §  31. 
each  other  in  the  older  language.  ITl  h  somewhat  as  in 


our  ‘‘have”. 


k  as  in  the  energetic  shout  “ha!”,  ©  k 


as  in  the  Scotch  “loch”;  ^-=>  k  somewhat  similar  to 
the  last,  and  was  in  part  changed  to  ©  k. 


14 


§§  32.  33.  Phonologt. 


§  32.  The  s  and  t  sounds: 

a  In  the  Middle  Kingdom  the  s  sounds,  — s  and 
P  s  were  interchangeable. 

b  Of  the  dentals,  in  the  Middle  Kingdom  s=i  t  became 
^  f  and  (1  became  d.  The  Semitic  equivalents 

are  here  especially  complicated,  and  our  traditional 
transcription  certainly  does  not  reproduce  the  spoken 
sound. 

§  33.  The  most  frequent  cases  of 
(§  29—32): 


sound-change  are 


i  and 


r  to 


(]  y- 


y  to  ^ 


w  and  the  reverse. 


i  to  O  li. 


s  to 


and  the  reverse. 


s=)  t  to  t  and  d  to  d. 

All  these  transitions,  in  the  designation  of  which  the 
hieroglyphics  are  not  consistent,  had  been  made  as  early 
as  the  Middle  Kingdom;  hence,  from  this  time  on,  for 

— can  be  given  an  old  — s  or  ^  s,  and  for  o  an 

old  o  t  or  s — >  t  etc.  From  the  beginning  a  habit 
should  be  formed  of  using  the  old  signs  h,  s,  s,  t,  and 
d  in  transcription,  to  impress  upon  the  mind  the  original 
phonetic  value,  even  when  they  are  written  with  the 
hieroglyphics  for  more  recent  sounds. 

g  g - s  and  are  wrongly  written  where  t  and  d  respectively 

(not  at  all  derived  from  t  and  d)  are  meant;  e.  g.  s.ndni.t  instead 


§  34.  Phonology.  §  35.  Nouns. 


15 


of  *50,4;  ^tn  instead  of  ytn  *23,5  *24,5.  Likewise  1  (| 

(which  as  a  grammatical  ending  depreciated  to  I,  §  81)  for  t. 

Wliere  in  the  course  of  centuries  there  arose  trans-  §  34. 
positions  in  consonantal  values,  first  of  all  there  was 
written  the  original  phonetic  value  with  its  peculiar 
w'ord  or  syllablesign— justas  in  the  case  of  tlie  reproduction 
of  a  consonant,  changed  on  account  of  a  change  in  sound 
(§  29a,  30b) — and  then  the  transposed  consonants  were 
again  added  in  their  new  position.  Hence  from  the 

old  /i)»i  ']  “to  create’’,  arose  the  later  k^m 


“goodness”,  arose  the  later  i/^m 


)  . 


Nouns. 

The  noun  (substantive  and  adjective)  has  essentially  §  36. 
the  following  root  forms: 

With  tw^o,  three  or  more  consonants:  among  which  a 
may  be  “weak”  ones,  which  are  not  always  written. 

Formations  with  an  ^  vi  prefixed  to  the  root  (just  b 

o 


as  in  Semitic).  Examples;  “paint” 

from  s(hH  “to  paint”. 

Compounds  with  prefixed  nt  or  j  ^  hw  (really,  c 

^  ■<S>“ 

“place“)  express  abstracts,  or  with  suffixed  yr.J 
(“he  does”)  express  the  names  of  professions  and  of 
attributes.  Example:  hxv-nfr  “tlie  good”. 


16 


§§  36 — 38.  Nouns. 


§ 


d  Some  substantives,  especially  names  of  gods,  have  a 
singular  ending  in  w,  which  is  often  not  written;  e.  g. 

e  Compounds  often  have  a  special  determinative  for  the 
whole  group;  e.  g.  ri-pr  “temple”;  nty.w-ym 

“the  dead”  (*32,4). 

36.  The  plural  endings  are:  masc.  w,  fern.  wt.  They  are 
written: 


d  Either  hy  writing  the  word  sign  three  times,  according 
to  ancient  custom:  ntr.w  '‘gods”. 

h  Or  hy  a  word  sign  with  the  “plural-strokes”  (§20h):  ^i. 
c  Or  by  the  “plural-strokes”  after  the  determina- 


d 


§  37. 


a 


h 


§  38. 


In  all  these  cases  the  w  of  the  ending  in  both  genders 
is  seldom  written,  e.  g.  (^^I'^cient). 

The  “plural-strokes”  often  do  not  denote  a  real  plural, 
but  a  singular  word  with  a  plural  meaning.  Examples: 

collectives:  (^7,3); 

abstracts:  “splendour”  C*4,7). 

Such  words,  even  when  they  are  written  without  the 
plural-strokes,  are  often  constructed  like  a  plural,  having 
their  verb  in  the  plural;  the  same  is  true  of  compounds 
with  vh  “each“.  Example  *6,7—8:  “iny  milk  (streams), 
Csk.n  they  enter  thee”. 

In  compound  words  only  the  first  part  takes  the 
plural  ending;  e.  g.  — j”  ^  h^.tyw-C  “counts”  from 


§§  39 — 41.  Nouns. 


17 


h^.ty-C;  - 


I  I 


l/my.iv-hch  “forefathers” 


from  ymij-hc]i,  r$.iu-yr  “temples”  *31,10. 

In  addition  to  the  plural,  the  old  language  had  a  §  39. 
dual,  which  in  some  cases  lasted  into  the  time  of  the 

Coptic.  Ending:  masc.  ivy  fern.  |j(|  or  ^  ty.  The 
dual  was  written: 

a)  by  means  of  a  repetition  of  the  word  sign:  -  °  a 

(■.ivy  “both  arms”;  cf.  thn.wy  *16,6. 

b)  by  means  of  a  repetition  of  the  determinative:  h 

^  “both  feet”,  cf.  '^40,2.  43,5. 

c)  by  means  of  the  addition  of  the  “dual-strokes”  c 

n  AAAAAA 

which  are  then  taken  as  a  sign  for  the  ending  y:  ^  ^ 

sn.ty  ‘‘both  sisters”.  In  like  manner,  the  suffix  of  a 
dual  noun  can  take  the  “dual-strokes”:  ynlj.wy.f  "*^46,9. 

For  extant  Egyptian  nouns  with  both  genders  (mas-  §39A. 
online  and  feminine)  cf.  §  20.  Fames  of  foreign  lands  “ 
are  feminine,  e.  g.  lisy-t  “the  wretched  Cush  (Nubia)” 

*30,8. 

The  neuter  is  represented:  in  antiquity  by  the  feminine  h 
(cf.  §  120),  in  more  recent  times  by  the  masculine:  cf. 

<2=^  yry.w  “that  which  is  done  (masc.)”  *25,7. 

For  the  connection  of  two  substantives  with  or  without  §  40. 
the  connective  n  cf.  §  21c.  To  indicate  an  attribute  a 
substantive  is  joined  to  an  adjective;  e.  g.  w^h  stny.i 
‘•fortunate  in  royalty”  (*4,7). 

The  classical  language  has  no  article.  In  the  verna-  §  41. 
cular,  the  definite  article  “the”  Avas  developed  from  the 
demonstrative  pronoun  “this”  jii,  o 

Eoeder- Merger,  Short  UorpTiAN  Grammar  2 


18 


§§  42.  43.  Adjective. 


ni  (§57d),  and  lasted  into  the  classical  period  (§8b). 
Likewise,  the  indefinite  article  “a”  was  developed  from 

the  numeral  wC  “one”  (§46).  Examples:  pS  U  “the 

land”  (*50,8);  ti  (m.)ChC.t  “the  grave”  (*49,2);  wi  hr.w 
“the  wretched  ones”  (*52,9);  wC.t  ssm.t  “a  mare”  (*40,1  Ij. 
—For  declension  cf.  §  21. 


Adjective 


§  42.  In  writing,  adjectives  are  usually  not  distinguishable 
a  from  substantives  and  participles.  For  adverbs  cf.  §  66. 
b  An  especially  frequent  nominal  formation  in  adjec¬ 
tives  is  the  “gentilic”,  which  is  formed  by  the  addition 


of  [|(|  or  \\  y  to  a  substantive;  it  is  also  derived  from 

prepositions:  §  63.  The  ending  y  is  often  not  written, 
especially  in  the  feminine.  Gentilic  forms  derived  from 
feminine  substantives  end,  in  the  singular:  mas.  ^  ty, 

fern.  l(]o  or  ty.t;  in  the  plural:  mas. 


I  tyw, 

U  I  _a.li.  I 

O 

fern.  tyw.t.  Examples  Itmiy  “artist”  (*2,2)  from  hm.t 

Cl 

“art”;  nw  ty  “municipal”  from  }iw.t  “town”,  plural  niv.tyw 
*21,11;  mh.ty  “northern”  (*17,11)  from  mlji.t  “north”, 
t;  i:i.  The  adjective  follows  the  substantive  which  it  qualifies, 
and  agrees  with  it  in  number  and  gender;  the  writing 
of  the  endiug,  however,  is  very  irregular  and  careless. 

The  adjective  ky  “the  other”,  fern. 


kty,  is  exceptional  in  that  it  precedes  its  substan- 


§§  44.  45.  ADJECTn’E.  §  46.  NajIERALS. 


19 


tive;  examples: 


^  ky  rmt  “another  man”; 
kty  phr.t  “another  remedy”. 


Cl  a 

The  adjective  cjs  “self’  with  suffixes  is  used  in  a  §  44. 


special  way.  Examples;  ^ 
“the  king  himself’; 


VvAAAA 

O  □  “4^ 


1  Mn  ds.f 
7/p,s'.y  d.ly 


“my  own  crescent  sword”  (in  a  speech  by  the  king). 

Two  compound  expressions  for  “all”,  “the  whole”,  are  h 

o<yx 

used  with  suffixes:  cco  ^  r  dr  “up  to  the  bor¬ 
der”  and  ♦”//  kd  “commensurable  with  the 

circumference”.  Examples:  tdr  dr.f  “the  whole  land” 


(*11,1);  'n|© 

^  I  I  I  1  nil 


o 


I  \  I 


rd.w-pr  my  kd.sn 


“the  temple  in  its  completeness”. 

Egyptian  apparently  has  no  special  forms  of  comparison.  §  46. 
The  comparative  is  expressed  by  means  of  the  pre¬ 
position  <==>  r  “more  than”  (§61b).  Examples:  wr  n.f 
yrp  r  mw  “great  to  him  wine  than  water  ==  he  has 
more  wine  than  water”  (*7,3);  Csd  st  r  SC  n  wdh  “they 
are  more  numerous  than  the  sand  of  the  sea-shore” 
C"37,3). 


Numerals 

The  numerals  may  be  used  as  substantives  or  adjectives;  §  4(5. 
the  feminine  and  plural  endings,  however,  are  very 
seldom  written. 

The  numeral  signs  are  almost  always  used;  only 
with  the  lowest  units  occasionally  the  phonetic  sign  is 


20 


§§  47.  48.  Numerals. 


also  used.  The  phonetic  values,  which  are  partly  con¬ 
jectured  only  by  means  of  combination,  are: 


1  I  wC 

2  II  sn.wy 

3  III  Innt 

4  j  j  fdw 


6 

III 
7  III 

nil 


siv 


8  jjjj  Ipnn 

9  !j[ III  i)sd 


5  III  dwd 

1  1  1 

50 

g^nnn 

nnn 

sw(?) 

100 

(5  sd.t 

70  nnn 
nnnn 

¥m 

200 

30  nnnn 
nnnn 

Jmnw 

1000 

9onnnnnn 

2)sd.tw(?) 

10000 

1  Cbc 

10  n 
20  nn 
30  nnn 
40 

nn 

n  n 
nnn 


100000 

1000000 


md 

dwt(?) 

inCbd 

hmw 

dwd(?) 


^  l>fn 


§  47.  The  ordinal  numerals  are  derived  from  the  cardinals 
by  affixing  nw.  Example:  hm-ntr  hi.niv  “the  second 


48- 


a 


prophet”  (■^6,3).  But 


or  tpy  “the  first”  ^6,3)  is 
an  exception.  Fractions  are  indicated  by  prefixing 


1 1 


r-fdw  “a  quarter”;  hut  ys  “a  half”  is  an 


exception. 

Dates  usually  have  the  form:  “year  (hd.t-sj))  1,  month 
(ybd?)  1,  — season,  day  (skv)  1  during  (hr)  the  sovereignty 
of  king  N”.  We  are  accustomed  to  number  the  months 
or  to  give  them  the  names  which  they  bore  among  the 
people,  the  names  being  derived  from  the  feasts  cele¬ 
brated  in  them.  They  are: 


§  49.  Pronouns, 


21 


Q  i^.i“Tnun- 
dation” 

1.  ^  Thoth. 

2.  Paophi. 

3.  Hathyr. 

4.  Choiak. 


Q2)r.P‘Spring” 

(“sprouts”) 

5.  ^  Tybi. 

6.  Mechir. 

j7.  Phamenoth. 

8  Pbarmuthi. 


I  V\  I 


AA^^A^ 

AAAAAA 

/WVVNA 


9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 


smw 

‘Summer” 
Pachon. 
TP"  Payni. 

TiT  Epiphi. 


Ill 


Mesore. 


After  the  twelve  months  the  five  intercalary  days  are  h 
inserted  (  ^  Ijry.iv  “those  above  [beyond] 

the  year”).  The  sign  “mouth  1”  is  often  replaced 

by  ^  tptj  “first”;  and  the  day-number  |  can  be  omitted 

from  the  first  day  of  the  month. 

Examples:  "^5,1.  *8,4.  *17,1.  *18,4. 


Pronouns 

The  independent  pronoun  is  found  in  two  different  §  49. 
forms:  an  older  one  which  is  still  in  use  in  the  classical 
language,  and  a  more  recent  one  which  appeared  as 
early  as  the  Old  Kingdom.  The  suffixed  pronoun  (§  52) 
has  an  unmistakable  relationship  with  the  older  pronoun. 

The  more  recent  seems  to  be  composed  of  the  older 

AAAAAA 

pronoun  and  a  stem  nt.  Both  forms  are  known 

to  Semitic  languages  also,  where,  in  the  singular  per¬ 
sons,  now  one  and  now  the  other  form  is  used  (§§  60—51 
also  reflexive). 


22 


§§  50 — 53.  Pronouns. 


51,52. 


§  53. 


§50  Oldei’  forms  §51  Younger  forms  §52  Suffixes 


Sing. 

I 

thou 

fern. 

he 

she 

it 

Plural 

we 

you 

they 


ivy 

^  ^  AA^^AA 

ynk 

tw 

AA^AA/* 

ntk 

tn 

AAAAAA 

ntt 

sw 

AAAAAA 

,kf 

p. 

S'J 

AAAAAA  A 

O  1 

liU 

j  yVWWv 

1  1  1 

n 

A  jQ  AAAAAA 

1  AAAAAA 

1  1 

ynn 

AA^AAA 

1  1  1 

in 

AAAAAA  a  '  S 

AAAAAA 

O  1  1  1 

nttn 

n  AA/WSA 

1  1  1  1 

lin 

AAAAAA  n  AAAAAA 

1  1  1  1 

utsn 

AA^VWv 

I  I  I 


AAAA-NA 

I  I  I 

I  /wwvs 


I  I  I 


U  my 
k  thy 
t 

f  his 

6’  hers 


)i  our 
t)i  your 
sn  their 


The  regular  sound-change  (§  33)  brought  it  about 
that  from  the  ISliddle  Kingdom  on  c:,  t  in  every  case 

could  be  written  instead  of  : - >  t;  in  like  manner  — 

instead  of  p.  The  suffix  /|  y  “my’’  was  often  not  written; 

it  was  also  possible  to  substitute  for  it 

or  if  a  god,  king,  man,  or  woman  was  the  speaker. 

Likewise,  wy  “P’  was  also  written  or  only  ^ 

(•■*'  3h,6).  Examples:  yuk  hyk  yih  “1  am  a  useful  servant'’ 
(■*9,11);  si.y  H  h.t.y  ‘-my  son  of  my  body”  (*6,4). 


§§  54 — 56.  Pronouns. 


23 


The  above  forms  of  the  independent  pronoun  (pronomen  §  54. 
ahsoliitum)  are  used  both  for  the  nominative  (“I”)  and 
for  the  accusative  (“me”);  the  dative  (“to  me”)  is 
represented  by  the  preposition  n  ('§  Glc)  with  suffixes. 

The  neuter  “it”  as  suffix  is  usually  expressed  by  means 

of  1  .S'  (cf.  §  .‘59A])').  Examples:  tip  “I  bring  tliee  u])” 


f*5,.5);  hsi/  XL'U  Jim.fhr.s  “his  majesty  ])raises  me  on  account 
of  it”  (*54,11);  ss^ij.n.ij  xvy  “I  satiated  myself  (*45,11). 

Contrary  to  the  usual  oi'der  of  words  (§  25),  the  §  55. 
pronoun  and  also  the  preposition  n  with  suffix  stand 
immediately  after  the  verb,  and  hence  before  the  subject  and 
object.  Tf  the  sentence  has  two  pronouns  dependent  upon 
the  verb,  the  dative  precedes  the  accusative:  (/•//».//  n.k 
rnp.wt  “1  gave  thee  the  years”  (*5,9);  hsj/.n  wy  nh.y 
“my  lord  praised  me  "  (*42,2);  xush.n.y.  n.J  s.t  “I  answered 
to  him  it  (1  answered  him  concerning  it)”  (*47,8), 

Eor  the  demonstrative  pronoun  there'are  many  difi'erent  tj  .5(5. 
forms,  which  may  be  used  as  substantives  or  adjectives. 

In  general  the  initial  consonant  is  characteristic:  x>  for 
the  masculine,  t  for  the  feminine,  and  n  for  the  plural. 

§  57a-c  contains  the  older  forms.  When  used  as  adjectives 
they  are  all  placed  after  the  substantive.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  more  recent  [)ronoun  pS  “this”  (§  67d),  and 
the  later  article  “the”  (§  41),  are  placed  before  the 
substantive.:  in  like  manner  also  the  more  recent  plural 
forms  -  connected  for  the  most  part  with  n — i.e.  nn 


cr^i  □ 

I  AA/NAAA 

h.t  tn  “this  castle"’. 


and  nw  (§  57e).  Examples: 


p7'  pn  “this  house”, 


1 


pi  stn 


n  AAAAAA 

“this  king"  nn  n  h^Ltyio  “these  barbarians”  (*31,1.  37,7). 


24 


§§  57  59.  Pronui'ns. 


§  57. 

a)  this 

b)  the . . .  here 

c)  that 

Sing. 

mas. 

□ 

pn 

AWSAA 

□  ^  piv 

feiii. 

tn 

AAAAAA 

Plural 

mas. 

fern. 

(1  °  um 

1  AAAAAA 

°  yptn 

1  AAAAAA 

[]d^|  ypw 
ypUo 

il)  the 


WWSA 


U 


e)  More  recent  plurals  (originally  the  neuter  “this”): 

I  )in,  ^ “these”. 

§  58.  In  short  sentences,  piu  “this”  is  added  for  emphasis, 
where  we  are  unable  to  reproduce  it  as  a  demonstrative 
pronoun.  In  verbal  sentences  it  has  hardly  any  significance, 
in  nominal  sentences  it  is  used  as  a  predicate  or  an 
nsertion  (§131b).  Examples:  ^  ynivli  piv  “I  am 

it”,  rn.y  piv  Ijnt  ntrw  “my  name  (is)  at  the  head  of  the 
gods”  ('^'39,2),  piv  nfr  “it  is  a  beautiful  land”  (*7,1). 

§  59.  The  possessive  pronouns  of  the  Indo-Germanic 
languages  (“my”  etc.)  were  represented  originally  in 
classic  Egyptian  as  in  the  older  Semitic  languages  by 
suffixes  (§  52).  The  Egyptian  vernacular,  like  the  later 
Semitic  dialects,  devised  later  on  a  new  form  of  possessive 
article.  This  is  composed  of  the  article  (§  57d)  and 
suffixes  (§  62),  and  became  more  and  more  usual  as 
time  Avent  on.  The  irregular  writing  is  explained  in 
§29a.  Examples:  prf  or  VU-f 

(originated  out  of  pJf)  pr  “his  house”. 


§§  60.  61.  Partici.es, 


25 


Particles 

PREPOSITIONS  AND  CONJ  (JNOTIONS 


Prepositions  are  divided  into  simple  and  compound,  §  60 
according  to  their  formation.  Tliey  are  sometimes 
combined  with  suffixes  (§  52),  and  used  as  conjunctions 
(§  64a).  Before  suffixes  they  have  occasionally  a  fuller 
wu’iting,  due  to  change  of  vocalization. 

Simple  prepositions  (others  are  in  the  vocabulary);  §  61 


m,  with  suffix  ijmf  “in  him”:  in  or  a 

out  of  a  place;  with  persons  or  things;  as  an  attribute 
(with  “to  be”  §  131  b).  "With  infinitive  “with”  §  106. 


r, 


with  suffix  yr./Ho  him”:  towards  some- 


thing  or  somebody;  hostile  to  anyone;  free  from, 
hidden  from  something;  more  than  something  else 
(comparative  §  45).  With  infinitive;  in  order  to  (§106). 

awaaa  n,  with  suffixes  n.f  “to  him”:  for  anyone  c 

(cf.  dative  §21  h);  to  anyone;  on  account  of  a  matter. 
With  infinitive;  on  account  of,  because. 

^  ljr\  upon  an  object;  on  account  of  a  matter.  With  d 
infinitive:  with,  during  (contemporaneous;  §§  106,  124b 
125b,  132b). 

^  hr:  under  an  object,  i.  e.  carrying  it.  e 


^ ^  hr:  with  a  person;  during  the  reign  of  (§  48).  f 


yn:  on  the  part  of  a  person,  through  someone;  g 
used  with  the  passive  (§95—96)  and  to  emphasize  the 
subject  (§131a),  also  with  the  infinitive  (§  107). 

-fM-  AWWS 


Imt  before,  at  the  head  of. 


h 


26 


§§  62.  63.  Particles. 


§  62.  Compound  prepositions  (to  be  found  in  the  vocabu¬ 
lary  under  their  chief  constituent  parts)  consist  mostly 
of  a  simple  preposition  and  a  substantive.  The  meaning 
of  these  phrases  has  gradually  worn  away.  For  example, 
compounds  are  made: 

»  With  “in":  J 

(“on  the  phallus  of”)“before'’ (*23,10.  *29,9.  *14,6); 


m-h^.t  (“at  the  head  of’’)  “before";  “since"  *18,3; 

m-C  ••by’’  *54,5. 

h  With  n  “for”:  ^  n-mrw.t  (“out  of  love 

for”)  “on  account  of”:  n  mrw.t.k  “on  account  of  thee” 
*12,7  (as  conjunction:  i;64a). 

r-(js  (“at  the  side  of”)  “near”; 


I 


c  With  r  “to”:  c 

^  ^  ^  £^3  <r:r>  hrw-r  (“distant  from”) “outside”; nyr//.^-r 
“until”;  “to”  *18,4. 

§  63.  Gentilic  forms  (cf.  §  42b),  the  meaning  of  which  often 
^  developed  independently,  were  derived  from  the  simple 
as  well  as  the  compound  prepositions  by  using  the  suffix  //. 


Examples :  — 
from  m; 


W 


ym.y  “he  who  is  in  or  on  something” 
yr.y  “he  who  belongs  to  someone,  the 


companion”  from  r;c^  hr.y  “he  who  is  upon  something, 
the  chief”  from  hr;  ^  >0’  h^'y-yl)  “dAvelling  in”  from 


^  'O’  “in  the  midst  of’. 

h  Gentilics  are  treated  like  adjectives  or  .substantives, 
and  take  suffixes.  Examples:  ym.y-yh  n  ntr  nfr  “darling 
(he  who  is  in  the  heart)  of  the  king”  (*7,10);  hr.y-yb 


§  64.  Particles. 


27 


Sbthv,  lmt.li  unm-ti/tv  “inhabitant  of  Abydos  and  director 
of  the  ■westerners’’  (*8,6-7);  ymi/.t  yh.k  “slie  dwells  in 
thy  heart”  ('*50,3);  ymy.w  yiv.w  “inhabitant  of  the  island” 
(*13,8). 

As  conjunctions,  use  is  made  of  either  prepositions  § 
(a)  and  other  particles,  which  stand  at  the  beginning 
of  the  sentence  (b) ;  or  particles  which  are  inserted  as 
the  second  word  in  a  sentence,  and  called  enclitic 
conjunctions,  because  they  were  perhaps  occasionally 
unaccented  (c).  In  some  sentences  (§  135,  138),  there  is, 
after  the  conjunctions,  a  verbal  form  corresponding  to 
our  “conjunctive’’  (§  93).  Among  conjunctions,  the 
following  are  especially  frequent  (others  are  in  the 
vocabulary): 


“if”; 


© 

A 


m-ht 


n-mrw.t  “so  that”.  Examples:  n-mrw.t  mn  rn.y  “that 
my  name  may  endure”  (*10,5),  n-C^.l-n  mrr.y  sw  “be¬ 
cause  I  love  him”  (*10,4),  m-ht  .s(lm.f  s.t  “after  he  had 
heard  it”  (*30,10),  r-nty.t  A'is  iv.S.ty  “so  that  Nubia  was 
inclined”  (*30,8). 


a 


D 

yst  “since”,  “when”;  ^  h'*' 

“since’’,  “now”,  “but”.  Examj)les:  st  gm.n  Imi.y  “when 
my  majesty  had  found  him’’  (*25,5),  hr  ptr  yr.n.y  .iilm 
“but  then  I  heard”  (*51,9). 

hvt  “but”;  (||1  ys  “how”,  “yes”,  “surely”;  c 
yrt  “but”,  “however”,  “further”;  ®  yr  “also’’,  “like¬ 


wise”,  “but”.  Example:  yr  rjr.t  rh  ri  pn  “but  whoever 
knows  this  charm”  (*56,9). 


2R 


§§  65—68.  Particles. 


ADVERB.R  AND  PARTICLES 

§  65.  For  adverbs,  use  is  made  either  of  invariable  derivatives 
of  substantives  and  adjectives  (§  66);  or  of  particles 
which  are  connected  with  prepositions  ("§  67).  The 
particles  usually  stand  at  the  besiuoing;  in  interrogative 
sentences  (§  137)  also  at  the  end  of  the  sentence.  Some 
are  combined  with  suffixes  f§  69). 

§  66.  The  adverb  derived  from  a  noun  is; 

a  apparently  similar  to  it  (the  noun);  occasionally  with 

the  ending  iv  or  t:  d.t  “eternally”,  J  ^  nfr.w 

“well”,  Q  wr.t  “very”,  “quite”.  Examples;  dw  i/h.k 
mt/  Rc  d.t  “thy  heart  is  glad  as  (that  of)  Re  eternally” 
(*'3,11),  tvds.i/  ivr.t  “quite  decayed”  (*25,6;  cf.  *16,8), 
kCy.k  nfr  “thou  shinest  beautifully”  (*55,1). 
b  is  connected  with  a  preposition,  especially  ?•;  <cr> 
©.A.  .  ,  ,  _ O' 


1^^ 


r  mnh  “in  excellent  manner”; 


a  d 


§  67. 


j/h.t  nh.t  “above  all”  (*54,11),  r-mi/.ty.t  “in  like  manner” 
(*26,6). 

To  the  adverbs,  which  are  derived  from  prepositions, 
belong; 

a  “there",  “yonder”;  “before”, 

“earlier”.  Example:  hyk  ym  “the 

servant  here=r’. 

h  ^  m-hdh  and  ^  hr-ljd.t  “before”,  “for¬ 

merly”. 

§  68.  Some  adverliial  particles  stand  in  the  second  place 
in  a  sentence,  e.  g.  xvy  “how”,  “pray”.  Examples: 


§§  69.  70.  Particles. 


29 


ndm  wy  ymd.t.k  “how  beautiful  is  thy  goodness”  (*12,10), 
yy  ivy  “come!  welcome!”  (*39,9). 

Some  particles  which  cau  only  be  rendered  by  an  §  (j<), 
adverb  are  combined  with  suffixes ;  their  adaptability  to 
different  persons,  however,  has  almost  entirely  disappeared, 
so  that  the  particles  were  soon  used  imchaugeably  with 
one  detiuite  suftix.  Some  noteworthy  ones  are: 


m  “behold”,  later  unchangeable 


“behold  (thou)”,  at  the  begiuuing  of  the  sentence,  often 
immediately  before  the  subject. 


a 


yr  “but”,  “now”,  “namely”,  later  unchan-  h 


geable 


yr.f  as  second  word  in  a  sentence: 


hd.n  yr.f  U  wd  “when  the  earth  became  bright  in  the 
morning”  (*18,8).— //r,  yr.f  are  used  for  emphasis  after 
the  imperative  (§102),  and  in  Interrogative  sentences 
(§  137). 

The  most  frequently  used  interjections  are: 


§  70. 


hd  “0!”,  “Ha!”.  They  often  stand 


before  a  proper  noun,  which  is  then  preferably  followed 


a 


by  pn  “this”:  y  Cnh.w  “0  ye  living!”  (*21,5),  fU 


hd  Fpy  pn  “0  thou  king  Pepi!”. 

In  the  Nominative  of  address,  substantives  often  have  b 
the  article:  pd  y.t-ntr  “O  thou  father  of  god”  (*49,11), 
pd  ytn  “0  thou  Aton!”  (*55,2 j. 

Some  interjections  have  suffixes,  e.g.  yud-hr.Jc  “Hail,  c 
thou!”  (*27,10.  *31,8). 


30 


§§  71 — 73.  The  Verb. 


The  Verb 

THE  ROOT  OF  THE  VERB 

71.  Verbs  may  be  divided  into  the  following  groups  according 
to  the  number  and  kind  of  the  consonants  of  their 
root: 

a)  Regular  verbs.  These  have  two,  three,  four,  or 
five  “strong”  consonants;  the  most  frequent  are  those 
of  three  consonants.  Examples  I  /WWVA  mn  “to  remain”, 

“to  hear”,  invade”, 

AAAAAA  ra  R  ^ 

rO  nlwilim  “to  roar”. 

72.  bj  Weak  verbs.  These  have  three,  four,  or  five  con¬ 
sonants,  of  which  the  last  is  a  weak  one  (g  or  tv 
cf.  §  16).  Although  the  weak  consonant  was  usually 
not  written,  it  nevertheless  influenced  the  formation  of 
individual  forms.  It  manifests  itself  especially  in  the 
feminine  infinitive  (§  104),  as  well  as  in  the  possibility 
of  doubling  in  the  tense  sdm.f  (§  91)  and  in  the  parti¬ 
ciples  (§  113).  Examples:  j|jP  msy  “to  give  birth  to”, 

Itntg  “to  sail  up  stream”. 

73.  c)  Duplicating  verbs.  These  have  three,  four,  or  five 
consonants,  of  which  the  last  two  are  alike.  Often  only 
one  of  these  two  consonants  is  written,  from  which  it 
may  be  concluded  that  a  double  consonant  was  pronoun¬ 
ced.  Both  consonants  were  written  (evidently  because 
a  vowel  was  pronounced  between  them),  not  only  as  in 
the  case  of  weak  verbs  in  the  accented  form  of  tense 
sdm.f  (§  91),  and  in  the  participles  (§  113),  but  also 
in  other  forms  of  the  suffix  conjugation,  as  well  as  in 


§§  74 — 76.  The  Verb, 


31 


the  qualitative  (§  80),  in  the  infinitive  (§  104),  in  the 
imperative  (§  100),  etc.  The  infinitive,  contrary  to  the 
weak  verbs,  is  always  masculine  (§  104).  Examples: 

— “to  see",  spdd  “to  prepare". 


<s>- 


d)  Irregular  verbs.  Some  verbs  appear  written  irre¬ 
gularly  and  occasionally  differ  from  the  forms  of  other 
verbs.  Note: 


1)  Two  verbs  for  “to  give”: 


A- 


& 


rdy  and  §  74. 


_fl  dy;  both  are  weak  verbs  with  feminine 


infinitive.  The  old  language  preserves  almost  all  forms 
of  both  verbs;  gradually  rdy  died  out  and  was  replaced 
by  dy.  The  duplicating  forms  (§91)  of  dy  were  written  • 


or  _ and  read  dyy. 

2)  Two  verbs  for  “to  come”:  yUHJ^y?) 

both  are  weak  verbs  and  have  a 

feminine  infinitive.  The  older  verb  yu;(tj,  which  is  used 
especially  in  dependent  clauses,  was  gradually  replaced 

by  yy- 

Among  the  numerous  changes  (“modifications,  conju-  §  76. 
gations”)  of  the  root  in  Semitic  languages,  the  following 
are  frequent  in  Egyptian:  the  causative  (§  78)  is  formed 

by  prefixing  1  s  (Semitic  s  or  i).  The  PiCel  formations 

with  doubled  middle  consonant,  which  in  Coptic  have 
still  to  a  certain  extent  an  unusual  vocalization,  are  not 
to  be  discerned  in  hieroglyphics;  but  yet,  on  account  of 
the  diversity  of  meaning  in  some  verbs,  they  are  to  be 


32 


§§  77—79.  The  Verbs. 


\  ^  AVWSA 

conjectured  (e.  g.  hny  “to  sail”  and  “to  convey 

anyone  ). 

§  77.  Remains  of  other  derivatives  of  a  root  are  the  forms 
with  prefixed  n  like  the  NiphCal  (e.  g. 

ndddd  “to  endure”  from  p  dd  “to  endure”;  with 

i_l 

double  final  consonant  like  the  PaClel  (e.  g. 
spdd  “to  prepare”);  with  repetition  of  the  last  conso¬ 
nant  like  the  “Falpel”  and  the  “PaCalCel”  (e.  §•  P  ®  P  ^ 
sMh  “to  hasten”  (*41,2); 


O 

A 

sdidi  “to 


tremble”). 

§  78.  The  causatives  (§  76)  are  in  general  treated  like  verbs 
with  the  same  number  of  strong  or  weak  consonants; 
that  is,  causatives  of  three  consonants  like  four-consonant 


n  AAAAAA  O  /VW^V\  (J 

verbs  (e.  g.  I  ©  ^  s.nljn  “to  bring  up”  from  ©  % 

nljn  “to  be  a  child”).  However,  the  causatives  of  twm 
consonants  have  by  way  of  exception  a  feminine  infini- 
tive.  Example:  Infinitive  Iwa/w  s.mn.t  from  1  s.inn 

1  12^  \  A/VWW 

“to  establish”,  causative  of  mn  “to  remain”. 

§  79.  Apart  from  the  infinitive,  imperative,  and  the  parti¬ 
ciples,  only  the  perfect  of  the  tense-formations  (of  Semitic 
languages)  is  preserved  in  the  Egyptian  conditional  (§  80). 
The  imi)erfect  has  been  replaced  by  the  suffix  conjugation 
(§  83).  The  use  of  all  Egyptian  tenseforms  was  gradually 
limited  by  means  of  difi’erent  combinations  with  auxiliary 
verbs  (§  121).  Real  moods  are  not  traceable;  forms 
which  are  used  like  our  subjunctive  appear  in  the  tense 
sdm.f  (§  91)  and  in  the  predicate  (§  97). 


§§  80.  81.  Conditional. 


33 


THE  CONDITIONAL 
(Called  qualitative  or  pseudo-iiarticiple) 

The  endings  (§  81)  are  attached  to  the  root;  the  y  §  8® 
and  tv  occurring  in  them  are  often  not  written.  In 
weak  verbs  (§  72)  the  final  weak  root  consonant  y  or  tv 
is  usually  not  written.  In  duplicating  verbs  (§  73)  in 
earlier  times  the  last  consonant  was  occasionally  doubled; 
later,  however,  this  was  hardly  ever  the  case. 

The  endings  of  the  conditional  form  (in  parenthesis  §  81 
are  the  later  ones — that  is,  the  forms  developed  by 
phonetic  changes):  the  dual  and  the  third  plural  died  out 
early;  they  were  replaced  by  the  third  masculine  singular. 

Sing. 


3  f. 


3  m.  y  ov  w  (later 


disappeared) 


Plural 


2  tywny  (later  t) 


f.  ty 
Dual 
3  m.  wy 


1  wyn  (later  n) 


f.  tyw 


Roedbr-Mekchr,  Short  Egyptian  Grammar 


3 


34 


§  82.  Conditional.  §  83.  Suffix  Con.iugation. 


82.  A  transitive-active  kind  of  conditional  form,  which 
was  already  rare  in  the  older  language,  is  found  later, 


though  only  with 


rh  “to  understand”,  “to  know”, 


“to  be  able”;  otherwise  it  always  had  an  intransitive- 
passive  meaning  and  indicated  a  conditional  (“quali- 
tative”).  If  it  stands  independently,  as  it  also  did 
(though  rarely)  in  ancient  times,  it  usually  introduces 
the  fulfilled  condition  of  a  previously  mentioned 
action  (apodosis).  Usually  it  introduces  a  conditional 
sentence,  which  is  subordinate  to  another  sentence. 
Then  it  is  often  dependent  on  a  verb  which  is  in 
the  tense  of  the  suffix  conjugation  (§  83),  and  thus 
resembles  a  participle  (“pseudo-participle”).  Cf.  §§  124a, 
126a,  132a. 

Examples:  yy-tji  n.y  hcty  “thou  comest  to  me  while 
thou  rejoicest”  (*12,5),  ywC.lcwy  ni  nb  “I  was  rewarded 
with  the  gold”  (*26,4),  w^Jj.f  ivy  wdi.kwy  “he  laid  me 
down  when  I  was  healed”  (*47,5). 


THK  SUFFIX  CONJUtiATION 

S3.  'I’he  most  frequent  tenses  (tempora)  are  formed  by 
the  addition  of  the  suffixes  (§  52),  either  directly  to 
the  stem  (s^m.y' tense)  or  after  the  insertion  of  syllables 
(n,  yn,  7/r,  lx),  which  are  derived  from  particles  (§  84). 
Ki’om  all  these  forms  a  passive  (§  95)  can  be  built 
by  the  further  insertion  of  the  syllable  tiv;  another 
form  is  the  more  comprehensive  passive  sdm.tvf  (§  96). 
Eiirther,  from  the  tenses  sdm.f  and  khu.n  f  substan¬ 
tival  forms  introducing  refill  ive  sentences  (§  118)  are 
built. 


§§  84—86.  Suffix  Conjugation. 


35 


The  tenses  of  the  regular  verb ;  The  translations  merely  §  84. 
detine  in  a  practical  way,  and  by  no  means  exhaust  the 
meaning  of  individual  forms. 


Active 


Mm./ 

hears 


Passive 


sdm.tw.f  he 
is  heard 


sdm.n.tw.f 
he  has  been 
heard 


sdm.yn.f 
then  he 
heard 


been  heard 


sdmJjr.f 
he  shall 
hear 


sdmJjr.tw.f 
he  shall 
be  heard 


sdni.liS.f 
thus  he 
hears 


sdm.kd.tw.f 
thus  he  is 
heard 


Passive  klm.w.f  (of  sdm.f  and  sdm.n.f): 

“he  is  heard”  and  “ho  has  been  heard”  (§  96). 

The  inflection  of  tenses:  If  the  subject  is  a  noun,  §  86. 
it  comes  immediately  after  the  root  of  the  verb;  e.g. 
mn  rn.y  “my  name  prospers”  (*10,5),  dw  yh.lc  “may  thy 
heart  be  glad”  (*5,11).  yr.n  hm.y  nii  “my  majesty  did 
these  things”  (^10,3). 

If  the  subject  is  a  pronoun,  it  is  added  in  the  form  §  86. 
of  a  suffix  (§  52)  to  the  root  of  the  verb;  the  tense 
sdm.f  “he  hears”  is  perhaps  built  on  the  form  of  a  noun 

3* 


§§  87—91.  Suffix  Conjugation’. 


3fi 


(“his  hearing”).  According  to  the  Coptic  the  pronoun- 
ciation  was  something  like  sedmof. 

§  87.  Almost  all  tenses  can  also  be  impersonally  used  in 
the  active  and  passive.  Their  appearance  is  then  the 
same  as  before  the  nominal  subject:  yy.tw  “one  came” 
("*^30,7),  yr.n.tu)  “it  shall  be  done”  (*36,2),  rdy.tw  m-hr-n 
tdty  “it  was  imposed  upon  the  vizier  (*52,4). 

§  88.  The  tense  sdm.f  occurs  in  both  independent  and 
dependent  sentences,  for  the  past  as  well  as  for  the 
present.  It  is  used  in  assertions,  questions,  and  direct 
and  indirect  speech,  as  well  as  in  requests,  and 
especially  after  verbs  of  causing,  seeing,  finding,  etc., 
to  express  a  condition,  purpose,  or  result.  Examples: 
wn  n.k  p.t  “the  heaven  is  open  for  thee”  (*6,1),  nlni.y 
r  hw  Ijr  hm.f  “I  grew  up  at  the  residence  of  the  king” 
(*10,2),  dy.y  md.sn  Ijm.k  “I  charge  that  they  see  thy 
majesty”  (*13,6),  dy.m  ])r.t-r-hrw  “may  they  (the  gods) 
give  a  funerary  offering”  (*8,8;  22,4). 

§  89.  The  tense  sdm.n.f  indicates  the  past,  and  is  used  in 
a  manner  similar  to  idm.f.  It  often  appears  indepen¬ 
dently  in  historical  narrative,  besides  like  a  pluperfect 
dependent  upon  m-ht  “after  (he  had  heard)”.  Example: 
siiis.n.y  ntr  nfr  “I  have  sei’ved  the  king  (*9,10). 

5}  !)0.  In  the  same  way  the  tense  sdm.yn.f  often  appears 
in  the  historical  narrative;  while  sdm.kd.f  usually 
ap])ears  in  the  conclusion  of  conditional  sentences.  Both 
sdm.yn.f  and  .sdm.kd.f  as  well  as  sdm.ljr.f  often  express 
also  a  command.  Example:  IjC.yn  hm.f  “his  majesty 
appeared”  (*30,9). 

91.  The  weak  and  dujilicating  verbs  (^  72,73)  show  in 
the  tense  sdm.f  two  different  moods  (manner  of  speech). 


§§  92—94.  Suffix  Conjugation. 


.37 


which  in  the  strong  verbs  we  cannot  satisfactorily 
ascertain,  probably  owing  to  our  ignorance  of  voca¬ 
lization. 


The  two  moods  are 


Usual  Form 


Emphatic  Form  §  92. 
i'd»i./may  he 
hear 

wnn.J  may 
he  be 

mrr.f  may 
he  love 

ms(Jd.f  if  he 
hates 


The  emphatic  form  is  often  used  independently,  and  §  93. 
dependency  (but  not  regularly)  where  special  stress  is 
laid  on  the  verb;  thus  in  sentences  of  wish,  condition, 
question,  precept,  threat,  consequence,  etc.,  whether 
they  are  introduced  by  a  conjunction  or  not.  It 
is  also  used  in  sentences  of  temporal  subordina¬ 
tion  and  in  emphatic  phrases.  The  emphatic  is  to 
be  translated  sometimes  like  a  conjunctive;  but  usual¬ 
ly,  however,  not  differently  from  the  simple  form  of 
the  verb. 

The  emphatic  (doubled)  form  is  frequent  only  in  the  94. 
active  sdm.f.  It  is  also  found,  however,  in  the  passive, 
sdm.tw.f.  In  the  other  tenses  of  the  suffix  conjugation 
it  is  not  found  at  all.  Examples :  n-Cd.t-n  mrr.u  sw 
•‘because  I  certainly  love  him”  (*10,4),  virr.tn  “if  you 


38 


§§  95.  96.  Suffix  Conjugation.  §  97.  Pkedicativf.. 


wish”  (^21,9),  “I  hid  myself  for  fear,  wrSj/.t  the 
guard  should  see  (me)”  ("*^43,6),  “he  who  desires  hss  hv 
hnti/  ymn.tifw  that  the  First  of  the  Westerners  praise 
him”  (''21,1). 

95.  In  the  passive  of  the  suffix  conjugation,  the  following 
differences  occur: 

a)  The  passives,  which  according  to  the  table  in 
§  84  form  almost  every  tense  by  means  of  -tw,  are 
closely  related,  even  in  meaning,  to  the  active,  from  which 
they  are  derived ;  Cs.tw  wr.xo  m-bSh  “the  great  ones  were 
called  before  (his  majesty)"  (51,5),  drp.tw.f  “may  he  he 
presented  with  offerings”  (23,8),  (jm.n.tw  Hr  “Horus  was 
found”  ("33,11). 

§  9(>.  b)  The  passive  sdm.iv.f  (Table  §  84  end)  has  the 
ending  w  in  the  singular,  and  y  in  the  plural;  neither 
of  them  are  ordinarily  written.  The  duplicating  verbs 
show  the  doubling;  the  weak  verbs  often  do  not  have 
the  last  weak  consonant  and  the  ending  tv  written. 
Examples:  n  sp  yry.tv  mi/ty.t  “never  was  the  like  done” 
("16,lU),  rdy.w  nf  yhv.t  “the  office  was  given  to  him” 
("34,1  between  Mm.n.J  forms). 


PREDIGATIVE 

8  97.  An  old  form,  whose  use  is  confined  to  a  few  definite 
cases,  is  still  seen  iu  the  so-called  predicative.  It  has 
the  ending  xv  which  is  often  not  written;  before  this 
the  duplicating  verbs  show  the  doubling,  and  the  weak 
verbs  usually  do  not  write  the  last  weak  consonant  y. 
The  predicative  is  uncliangeable,  without  regard  to  the 
gender,  number,  and  person  of  its  subject;  and  it  does 


§  98.  Predicative.  §§  99 — 101.  Lmperative. 


39 


not  take  a  suffix.  It  is,  therefore,  followed  either  by  a 
substantive  or  an  independent  pronoun. 

The  predicative  is  used  only  in  negative  sentences  after  §  98. 


the  verbs 


tm  and 


ynvj  “not  to  be”,  and 


usually  has  an  active  meaning:  ri*  n  tm  wnm  N  “charm 
for  the  not-to-he-eaten  of  ]S=charm  that  N  be  not 
eaten”  (*.56,8),  tni  rdy  hr  ys  “who  does  not  bend  (the 
right)  to  the  side”  (*11,3).  Cf.  the  prohibition  §103. 


IMJ’ERATIVE 

The  imperative  has  a  singular  and  a  plural;  a  difference  §  99. 
in  gender  is  not  distinguishable  in  hieroglyphics,  but 
according  to  the  Coptic  it  is  assumed  in  vocalization. 

The  singular  shows  the  simple  root  of  the  verb;  in  the 
duplicating  verbs  it  has  the  doubling.  The  plural  has 
the  ending  //  (later  also  tv),  which  is  often  not  written 
out,  and  which  in  the  weak  verbs  merges  in  the  last 
weak  consonant.  Usually  the  plural-strokes  are  added 
to  the  determinative. 

Singular 

Mm  hear! 

niii*  see! 

Examples:  ts  fjv  “lift  up  thyself”  (*29,4),  yry  hriv  nfr 
“make  (celebrate)  a  beautiful  day!”  (*49,11.  50,9). 

The  following  verbs  have  an  irregular  imperative:  §  101. 

Verbs  of  giving  (§74):  ^  °  //w/y  “give!”,  « 

ymy  kmy  r  pid.k  “place  ointment  on  thy  nose!”  (*50,1), 


Plural  §  100. 

Mm.y  hear! 
cUy.y  cross 


over 


Oil 


40 


§§  102.  103.  Imperative.  §  104.  Infinitive. 


h  Verbsof  coming  (§  75): 

.A 


7^  myro  “come!”, 


my.y  “come  ye!”. 


8  102.  To  strengthen  the  imperative,  an  independent  pronoun 
is  often  added:  also  the  particle  yr  (§69b), 

or  the  preposition  n  (§  61b),  both  with  suffixes:  chc  yr.k 

n  A^^AAA  Cq  ^  f  i 

“stand  up,  thou!  (*38,4), 

n.k  htp-ntr  “take  to  thyself  the  divine  offering!” 

§  103.  The  negative  of  the  imperative  (the  prohibition)  is 

expressed  by  the  imperative  IP^^U 

a  following  predicate  (§  98):  ymy  snd  “fear  not!”  (*48,7). 


INFINITIt'E 

§  101.  The  infinitive  is  sometimes  treated  as  a  verb,  sometimes 
as  a  substantive.  In  strong  verbs,  its  form  is  that  of 
the  simple  root;  in  the  duplicating  verbs,  it  doubles 
the  last  consonant;  tlie  weak  verbs  and  the  causative 
of  two  consonant  verbs  (§  78)  take  the  feminine  ending 
t  as  suffix.  Table  for  the  formation  of  the  infinitive: 


mn  to  remain 
wi’i  to  see 
s(hn  to  hear 
iihsh  to  hasten 


/wwvs 


hnn.t  to 

establish 


ms.t  to  give 
«  birth  to 

^  hnty.t  to  sail  up 
o  the  river 


§§  105 — 109.  Infinitive. 


41 


The  infiuitive  stands  like  a  substantive,  and  is  often  S 105. 
not  distinguishable  from  a  real  substantive  (in  ’^12,8  it 
is  even  written  as  a  plural); 

a)  [n  independent  sentences  as  subject,  object,  predicate, 
in  the  genitive,  etc.  Examples:  “0  ye  living  ones,  mrr.niv 
Cnh  msdd.iv  Jjp.t  who  love  life  and  hate  death”  (*.36,4), 
s/)  n  hdhd  “the  time  (example)  of  attack”  (*37,6),  (Z//.// 
ndc  kny.t  “I  give  to  thee  to  be  strong  (strength)”  (*13,1). 

“thy  heart  will  be  glad  n  mid  on  account  of  the  sight” 
(*56,4). 

b)  In  sentences  dependent  upon  verbs  (especially  §  106. 
commands,  cause  etc.)  and  prepositions  such  as  r 

“in  order  to”,  m  and  hr  “with”,  “during”  (simul¬ 
taneousness,  cf.  §61).  Examples:  Osiris  djj.j  “may  he  give” 

— j/r.t — ilm — p7'.t  “to  do,  to  be  powerful,  to  go  out” 

(*23,2 — 4).  “I  have  brought  thee  up,  r  hkd  pd.t  psd  to 
rule  the  nine  bow-people”  (*16,2).  “Darling  of  the  king 
m  s.mnh  njjiH’./ through  the  beautifying  of  his  monuments” 
(*27,2),  h.wt  hr  shy.t  “bodies  pass  away”  (49,6). 

The  logical  subject  follows  the  infinitive  either  in  the  §  107. 
genitive  with  w.aaa  n  (§  21c)  or  is  introduced  by  the  pre¬ 
position  (| /vwA^  yn  “on  the  part  of”  (§  61g).  Example: 
d^vd  Wsjir  yn  N.  “worship  of  Osiris  by  N.”  (*27,1.  *31,6). 

If  the  object  is  a  substantive  it  follows  immediately  tj  168. 
after  the  infinitive,  if  it  is  a  pronoun  it  is  added  to  the 
infinitive  as  a  suffix.  Examples:  „thou  rejoicest  mdd 
nfriv.y  to  see  my  beauty — the  sight  of  my  beauty  (*1 2,5), 
dwd.f  “to  adore  him”  (*32,3). 

An  infinitive,  independent  and  without  the  statement  §  100. 
of  a  subject,  often  occurs  in  successive  sentences,  where 


42 


§§  110.  111.  Infinitive.  §  112.  Participles. 


we  should  expect  a  verb.  Example;  yr.t  n.f  “and 
he  made  a  door  for  him”  (*11,10.  *12,3;  likewise  ^hc 
*16,6). 

§110.  The  infinitive  can  be  added  to  a  verb  of  the  same 
root  as  itself,  as  a  complementary  infinitive,  for  the 
purpose  of  strengthening.  In  such  a  case  it  has  in 
general  the  usual  form,  although  in  three-consonant  verbs 
it  is  feminine.  Examples:  sdm  sdm.t  wC  “who  alone 
may  listen”  (*11,2),  hnn.sn  Ijn.t  “if  they  row  zealously” 
(*56,4). 

§  111.  Closely  related  to  the  infinitive  is  a  circumstantial 
form  sdm.t.f  which  looks  like  a  feminine  infinitive.  In 
it  the  root  of  the  duplicating  verbs  shows  no  doubling, 
and  the  weak  consonants  of  the  weak  verbs  are  often 
not  written.  To  express  the  subject  it  is  combined 
either  with  a  substantive  which  immediately  follows  the 
circumstantial  form  like  a  genitive,  or  with  the  pronominal 
suffix.  The  object,  if  it  is  a  pronoun,  follows  the  circum¬ 
stantial  form  in  the  independent  forms;  in  this  it  differs 
from  the  infinitive,  which  takes  the  suffix.  At  the  be¬ 
ginning  of  a  sentence  or  paragraph,  the  circumstantial 
form  occasionally  stands  independently  like  a  verb;  often 
it  comes  after  prepositions;  often  it  indicates  a  temporal 
subordination.  Example :  rdy.t.y  wd.t  n  rdwy.y  “I  gave 
my  feet  the  way  =  ran  on”  (*43,5),  dr  Ipr.t  mny  “since 
the  death”  (*39,10). 


rARTIGIPLES 

§  112.  Participles  are  divided  on  the  one  hand  into  active 
and  passive,  on  the  other  hand  into  complete  (perfect) 
and  incomplete  (imperfect)  action.  In  all  participles. 


§§  113.  114.  Pauticiples. 


43 


the  root  of  the  duplicating  verbs  can  show  the  doubling; 
the  root  of  the  weak  verbs  shows  it  only  in  the  imperfect 
participles.  Table : 


a)  Active 

khn  he  who  has 
heard 
wnn  he  who  has 

^WWSA  ^  ^  ^ 

DGen 


b)  Passive  §  118. 


^  having 

’  come  out 


Ijsy.y  praised 


(Id.w  saying 
m^SAv  seeing 
mrr.w  loving 


lo 


sh^.w  who  is 
remembered 


m 


dyy.iv  who  is 
given 


The  endings  of  the  participles,  as  shown  in  the  table,  §  114. 
are,  in  the  perfect;  active—,  passive  y\  in  the  imperfect: 
active  iv,  passive  xv.  In  number  and  gender,  the  parti¬ 
ciples  are  like  the  noun;  they  take,  therefore,  in  the 
feminine  singular  the  ending  t,  in  the  plural,  the  plural- 
strokes  and  the  ending  w,  feminine  wt,  although  the  tv 
is  not  generally  written. 

Examples:  mk  km.t,  wCf  his.wt  “who  protects  Egypt 
and  subdues  the  foreigners”  C*14,l,  cf.  *6,5),  mrr.iv  “he 
who  desires,  that — ”  (*21,1),  “his  father  rnn  hv  who 
brought  him  up”  (*25,9),  mh-yb  “he  who  fills  the 
heart  ==  darling”  (*10,1),  hsy.y  “the  praised”  (*14  9),  dhv.w 
“he  who  is  honoured”  (*32,1). 


44  §§  115—117.  Participles,  §  118.  Eelative  Forms. 


§  115.  The  logical  subject  of  passive  participles  is  introduced 
either  directly,  or  by  n :  mry  RC,  ms  n  jDliwtn  “beloved 
of  He,  created  by  Thot”  (*15,7).  In  genealogies;  yry  n 
“begotten  by  (chiefly  of  the  father)”  and  msy  n  “born 
of  (mother)”  (*21,4.  *24,3). 

§  11(>.  A  rare  participle  with  future  meaning  is  found  in 
the  so-called  verbal  adjective:  sdm.tyfy  “he  who  will 
hear”;  in  such  a  case  the  root  of  a  duplicating  verb 
shows  the  doubling,  and  the  weak  consonant  of  a  weak 
verb  is  seldom  written.  Endings: 

Sing.  m.  ^  tyfy  fern.  iysy 

Plur.  m.  |1  lywsn  fern.  ^  tywst 


Examples;  mh.tyfy  “he  who  will  be  well”  (as  proper 
noun:  *15,3),  “he  Avho  desires,  (Jd.tyfy  shall  say”  (*21,2), 
“each  living  one,  swd.tyfy  who  will  pass  by”  (*21,8). 


a  'VW' 

§117.  Another  rare  participle 


sdm.n  “audible” 


indicates  possibility.  It  occurs  in  only  one  form,  which 
can  take  both  the  feminine  and  the  plural  ending  (as 
§  114). 


THE  RELATIVE  FORMS 

§118.  From  the  tenses  sdvif  and  sdm.n.f  of  the  suffix  con¬ 
jugation,  sub.stantival  relative  forms  are  derived,  which 
take  the  masculine  ending  w  (usually  not  written)  or 
the  feminine  ^,  according  as  they  refer  to  a  masculine 
or  feminine  substantive.  The  verb  root  has  in  the 
form  sdnuv.f  tlie  same  apj)earance  as  in  the  accented 
form  of  the  sdm.f  (§  92) ;  hence  the  weak  and  the  dupli- 


§§119. 120.  REi.ATm;  Forms.  §§  121. 122.  Periphrastic  tenses.  4.'> 


eating  verbs  have  the  doubling  of  the  last  strong  con^ 
sonants.  Table  of  the  relative  forms; 


Masculine: 

he  whom  he 
hears 


Feminine: 
sdm.t.fs\\e  whom  he 

hears,  (that  which 
he  hears) 


iVhw.tP.n./ 

he  whom  he 
has  heard 


Mm.t.n.f  ?\iQ  whom 


he  has  heard,  (that 
which  he  has  heard) 


The  relative  forms,  which  in  use  are  with  difficulty  §  120. 
differentiated  from  participles,  are  often  used  substan¬ 
tively.  They  can  then  be  used  with  an  adjective,  espe¬ 
cially  nb  “all”.  They  usually  introduce  a  relative 
sentence,  e.  g.  in  the  enumeration  of  epithets.  Examples: 
dyi/.t  2)-t,  kmd.t  ti,  ynn.t  hCpy  “that  which  heaven  gives, 
the  earth  creates,  and  the  Nile  brings”  (*22,6),  nn 
yry.w.ti.li  n:y  “this  which  thou  hast  done  to  me”  (*24,10), 
snn.t  ytn  “that  around  which  the  sun  revolves”  (*24,.5). 


PERIPHRASTIC  TENSES 

The  verb-forms  are  strengthened  by  many  combinations  §  121. 
with  auxiliary  verbs;  in  the  vernacular  (vj  8c)  these 
combinations,  mostly  with  “to  be”  and  “to  make”,  gra¬ 
dually  supplanted  the  simple  verbforms  of  the  older 
classical  language. 

The  auxiliary  verb  “to  be”. 

Some  of  the  most  frequent  verb  forms  are  strengthened  §  122. 


46 


§§  122,  124.  Periphrastic  tenses. 


or  paraphrased  by  prefixing  the  auxiliary  (|^  yw 
and  WH  “to  he”.  For  the  forms  of  the  suffix 


conjugation  (§  83)  two  possibilities  present  them¬ 
selves: 

a  When  the  subject  occurs  once: 


wn  sdm.f 

he  hears 

he  hears 

sdm.n.f 

AAAAAA 

wn  khn.n.f 

A/VSAAA 

he  has  heard 

he  has  heard 

^  wn.)/n 

sdm.j  then  he  heard 

I  When  the  subject  occurs  twice: 


he  hears 


wn.f 
sdm.f  he  hears 

Mm.f  then  he  heard 


123.  The  verbs  yw  and  wn  “to  be”  can  also  be  used  before 
a  genuine  nominal  sentence  (§  27).  yw  ch.tvyJ  m  tUdi.k 
“ber  horns  are  on  thy  head”  ('^38,8). 

124.  In  like  manner  those  sentences  which  are  not  genuine 
nominal  sentences  (§  132)  can  be  introduced  by  yw 
or  wn: 

a  With  the  qualitative  (§80):  yw  (i  mdu;  “the  chicken 
is  speaking  =  chirps”  (*65,7). 


§§  125 — 127.  Periphrastic  ten.ses. 


47 


With  hr  aiul  the  infinitive  {§  106);  ijw  hw-nb  hr  dwi  b 
njrw.j  “everyone  praised  his  beauty'’  (*35,2;  ct'.  *30,11- 
*31,1). 

If  the  subject  of  these  unreal  nominal  sentences  is  a  §  125. 
pronoun,  the  following  combinations  present  themselves, 
which  are  used  very  often  in  the  vernacular  of  the  New 
Kingdom  (§  8c)  and  which  still  continue  in  the  Coptic: 

With  the  qualitative:  (|  V^-f  « 

‘‘he  is  hearing”,  ijiv.h  wbn.ty  “thou  risest”  (*55,3). 

With  hr  and  the  infinitive:  y^'f  ^ 

sdm  ‘‘lie  is  hearing”,  tvn.yn.in  hr  bhd  “tlien  were  they  by 
fieeing  =  tlien  they  fied  headlong”  (*37,9). 

The  future  tense  and  the  future  command  areren-§l26. 
dered  by  the  preposition  r  with  the  infinitive  (§  106);  a 

this  occurs  after  the  auxiliary  verb  (|  ^  yiv  “to  be”: 

yiv.tn  r  drp  n.y  “ye  shall  sacrifice  to  me”  (*36,7),  yiv 
dpi  r  yyi  “a  ship  will  come”  (*48,8). 

In  an  unreal  nominal  sentence  (§  132):  yb  n  hm.k  r  h 
kbb  “the  heart  of  thy  majesty  will  be  glad”  (*56,3). 

The  auxiliary  verb  cZ/C  “to  stand”  is  placed  §127. 

before  a  verb  in  order  to  reproduce  the  accentuation 
in  historical  narration.  It  appears  usually  as  the  tense 


sdm.n.f 


chc.n,  more  seldom 


With  forms  of  the  suffix  conjugation;  ChC.n  thn.n  hni.f  a 
hnCJn  “then  his  majesty  came  into  conflict  with  them” 


C37,6). 


48  §§  128 — 130,  Periphrastic  tenses.  §  131.  Syntax. 


With  the  qualitative  (§  80):  Chc.n  rdy.hwy  r  yw 
“then  was  I  thrown  on  the  island”  (*45,2). 

§128.  The  auxiliary  verb  .<s>-  yry  “to  do”  is  used,  in 
forms  of  the  sutfix  conjugation,  to  paraphrase  the  re¬ 
spective  forms  of  other  verbs: 
a  First  of  all  with  compound  verbs:  yry.s  dy-Cnh  “may 
she  be  presented  with  life”  (*12,4.  *11,11). 
l>  Then  also  with  others:  yry.y  Sm.t  “I  did  the  going  = 
1  went”  (*43,8),  yry.n.y  Sdni  “I  learned”  (*51,9);  yr.k 
Cnlj.ty  “mayest  thou  live”  (*39,4). 

§  121).  For  historical  narrative,  especially  with  verbs  of  going, 
the  combination  of  an  infinitive  with  pw  “this”  and 
yry. 'll./  “he  did”  is  used:  rjp 
yry.nf  “to  go  was  that  which  he  did  =  he  went”. 

pB  “to  have  been”,  “to 

have  had”,  in  different  verb  forms  is  constructed,  espe¬ 
cially  in  negative  sentences,  with  the  infinitive  of  a  verb, 
in  order  to  denote  a  condition  or  an  action  which 
occurred  in  the  past:  n  sp  pS.tw  yr.t  myty.t  “never  was 
the  like  done”  (*54,7). 


§130.  The  auxiliary  verb 


J\' 


im.t  piv 


Syntax 

ORDER  OE  WORDS  AND  EMPHASIS  IN 
PRINCIPAL  SENTENCES 

§  131.  The  regular  word-order  in  verbal  and  nominal  sen- 
a  tences  has  already  been  discussed  (§  25-27).  The  word- 
order  becomes  irregular  by  emphasizing  a  word.  The 
emphasized  word  is  usually  found  at  the  beginning  of  a 
sentence  and  is  introduced  by  the  preposition  (I  AA(VSAA  y'il 


§§  132.  133.  Syntax. 


49 


or  ?/r  (|  I  ^  •  •  •  ?/»  '^^y-f - - 

‘‘his  majesty  it  was  who  gave - ”,  yr  y^t  rh  ri*  pii 

“but  whoever  knows  this  charm”  (*56,9). 

lu  nominal  sentences,  which  as  a  rule  begin  with  the  b 
subject,  the  verb  “to  be”  is  to  be  understood  (§  27 j 
between  the  subject  and  tbe  predicate.  Often  the  pronoun 
pw  “this”  (§  57b,  §  58)  is  inserted  there.  The  predicate 
may  be  introduced  by  m  “as”:  yh.y  ni  hnv.y  “my 

heart  (was)  my  companion”  (*45,5);  nh  m  Mj.w  “Every 
land  was  bowed”  (*19,2). 

The  word-order,  subject — predicate,  of  the  nominal  §132. 
sentence  (§  27)  is  also  transferred  to  sentences  with 
verb-forms  (unreal  nominal  sentences).  In  such  the  verb 
stands : 

In  the  qualitative,  especially  with  transitive  verbs,  to  a 
indicate  a  condition:  yh.w  ndm  “hearts  were  glad” 
(*34,11),  (U(U.t  lir.ty  “the  council  (of  gods)  was  satisfied” 
(*35,11),  H  CjjC.w  lid  MS  “they  are  stationed  behind 
Kadesh”  (52,3). 

In  the  infinitive  with  hr,  especially  with  transitive  b 
verbs,  to  indicate  the  beginning  of  a  condition.  Examples : 
rhy.t  hr  hy  hnw  “mankind  began  to  rejoice  and  shout” 
(*31,2),  'pid.t  hr  dwi’./“the  nine-fold  (gods)  praised  him”, 
(*32,3). 

These  sentences  can  be  introduced  by  an  auxiliary  c 
verb  “to  be”  (§  124). 

The  omission  of  words  is  frequent  in  all  kinds  of §133. 
sentences,  especially  in  comparisons.  Often  the  subject 
or  object  is  omitted,  especially  when  it  is  a  pronoun; 
and  likewise  when  the  discourse  is  about  the  king.  Of. 

R  0  kder-Merc  ER ,  Short  Egyptian  Grammar  ^ 


50 


§§  134.  135.  Special  kikds  of  sentences. 


also  the  impersonal  use  of  the  verbal  forms  (§  87)  and 
of  the  infinitive  (§  109).  Examples;  iw  yb.k  my  Rc  ‘-thy 
heart  be  glad  like  (that  of)  Re’’  (*5,11),  yry.n.f  m  mmvf 
“he  made  (it)  as  his  monument’’  (*6,8.  *11,9.  *12,2j, 
yry  n.j  N  “N  makes  (it)  for  him”  (*6,11.  *16,11).  Cs.tw 
ur.w  m-b^h  ‘-the  princes  were  called  into  the  presence 
of  (his  majesty)”  (*51,5);  mnh.f  Ijr  yh  “he  was  pleasant 
to  the  heart  (of  the  king)”  (*27,7). 

SPECIAL  KINDS  OF  SENTENCES 
Temporal  sentences. 

§  134.  The  dependent  temporal  sentences  are  sometimes 
placed  before,  sometimes  after  the  principal  sentence. 
Usually  they  have  no  conjunction,  so  that  the  condition 
of  dependence  is  shown  only  by  the  context  and  verb- 


forms.  Occasionally  they  are  introduced  by 


m-ht  “afterwards”  (*30,10),  ' 


J\ 


O  ^ 

tp-c  “before"  (*44,10), 


^  dr  “since”  (39,10)  &c. 

Examples:  yw  wp.n.f — ,  yw.y  hr  h.ty  “he  opened — , 
(while)  I  was  on  my  belly’’  (*46,10-11),  dc  pr,  yw.n  m 
wSd-wr  “a  storm  arose,  (as)  we  were  on  the  sea”  (*44,9. 
(*48,3),  hd.n  td,  ph.n.y  “when  the  earth  had  become  light 
I  arrived”  (*43.9),  hft  ipr  hm.fr  nhrn  “when  his  majesty 
came  to  Naharin  (Mesopotamia)’’  (*40,4). 


Conditional  sentences. 

§  136.  The  conditional  sentences  can  he  introduced  by 

yr  “if”;  often,  however,  there  is  no  conjunction.  The 
verb  is  usually  found  in  a  form  of  the  suffix  conjugation; 


§§  135—137.  Spectai.  kinds  ok  sentences. 


51 


with  the  tense  khn.f  often  in  the  accented  form  (§  91); 
htp.h  “when  thou  settest,  the  earth  (is)  in  darkness’’ 

(*65,5—6),  mrr.tn - ,  w//  M.ta  “if  ye  desire - , 

then  read!“  (*21,9 — 22,1). 

Final  sentences  &c. 

Our  conjunctions  “that”,  “in  order  to’’,  “so  that”,  §  136. 
“until’’  are  for  the  most  part  not  reproduced;  the  verb 
usually  stands  in  the  khn.f  tense.  Occasionally  <=>  r 
(also  r-rjd  *51,4;  r-iitj/.t  *30,8)  introduces  such  sentences. 
Indirect  interrogative  sentences  are  introduced  without 
a  conjunction;  the  nuance  of  purpose  and  final  sentences 
is  often  not  perceptible.  Cf.  r  with  the  infinitive  “in 
order  to’’  (§  106);  tense  khn.f  88). 

Ex  aniples:  ‘'Kemember  joy,  r  iji/.t  Jiriv  pfS  n  myny 
till  that  day  of  death  cometh”  (*50,6),  dy.y  mksn 
“I  cause  that  they  see’’  (*13,6.  10),  “he  said,  clk.f  hnC.y 
that  he  (would j  fight  (with  me)”  (*42,7),  “he  wished, 
yw.y  m  yry  rd.wy.f  tliat  1  would  be  his  guide  (com¬ 
panion  of  his  feet/’  (*40,2). 

Interrogative  sentences. 

In  interrogative  sentences  are  found  the  forms  of  the  §  137. 
suffix  conjugation;  they  are  usually  introduced  by  a 
particle  which  the  enclitic  (j  OM-f  1§  69b) 

often  follows.  Such  interi  ogative  words,  coming  at  the 
beginning  or  end  of  the  sentence,  are:  accented: 

°  yn-m,  (to  yn\  §  131)  “who?”,  “what?’’; 
yh  “what?”,  (xeneral  particles  used  to  introduce 

4* 


52 


§§  138—141.  Special  kinds  of  sentences. 


questions  are:  (aaaaw(|'^  yn  yw  as  first  word;  ^ 
^nr,  try  as  second  word.  Example 
yn~m  yn  iw  “Who  brought  thee?”  (*47,2.7). 


Negative  sentences  (§  281)). 

§  138.  Principal  sentences  are  negatived  by  the  older  particle 
_fu-  n  or  the  younger  nn  “not”,  which  always 

stands  first  in  the  sentence.  The  verb  is  found  in  the 
forms  of  the  suffix  conjugation;  and  with  the  tense  sdm.f 
after  nn  in  the  accented  form  (§  91).  n  rlj  lym.f  “his 
majesty  knew  not”  (*51,4),  nn  sp  n  C  “not  one  remained” 
(*45,1).  Likewise  in  the  relative  sentence  (§  141c). 

§  139.  Dependent  sentences  are  negatived  by  means  of  the 

auxiliary  verbs  tm  and  (]  ^  ymy 

“not  to  be”,  “not  to  have”,  the  verb  of  which  follows 
in  the  predicate  (§  98). 

§140.  Relative  sentences  (§  141c)  are  negatived  by  the  ad¬ 
jective  ni/tc.ty  “who  is  not”,  “who  has  not”, 

which  agrees  in  gender  and  number  with  the  substan¬ 
tive,  which  it  follow's.  It  can  also  be  used  as  a  substan¬ 
tive.  nyw.tij.t  “that  which  does  not  exist”  (*9, 5). 

Relative  sentences. 

§  141.  Relative  sentences  (cf.  §  28a)  are  usually  introduced 
"  by  the  relative  pronoun  nty,  nty.t  “who”, 

plural  j  nty.n\  which  can  also  be  used  substan¬ 

tively.  Examples:  sd  nty  tp  U  “a  man  who  is  on  earth” 


§  141.  Special  kind-s  of  sentences. 


53 


(■'56,11),  nty  Ijm.f  i/ni  ‘‘the  place  on  which  his  majesty 
is  =  the  palace’’  (*52,8),  7iti/.w  ijdi.'s  “those  who  are  in 
it"  (*44,11),  utij.iv-ijtn  “those  who  are  there  =  the  dead” 
(*32,4),  ntj/.t  ‘‘that  which  is  (exists)’’  (*9,5). 

The  introductory  “who’’  is  often  omitted  in  relative  b 
sentences;  in  which  case,  if  the  subject  is  the  same, 
the  verb  takes  the  form  of  a  participle;  but  if  the 
subject  is  different,  it  prefers  the  relative  form  (§  118): 
prr.t  in-b^h  tdr-C^  “that  which  comes  out  before  the 
great  god  (i.e.  delivered  as  an  offering)”  (  '19,8),  “the 
prince,  rd/j.iv.u  itn  whom  the  king  has  dispatched”  (*27,3), 

‘•(  Isiris,  nrr.w  n.f  ntr.w  to  whom  the  gods  bow”  (*28,9), 
ikd.tv  ym.i  rh.w.n.k  “rowers  are  in  it  (the  boat)  whom 
thou  knowest  (known  to  thee)’’  (*48,9), 

The  relative  sentence  is  negatived  either  by  the  ne-  c 
gative  relative  ni/w-ty  (§  140);  or,  in  nominal  sentences, 
by  the  introductory  negative  n,  iin  “not”  (§  138);  nn 
drw  “there  is  no  boundary’’  (*7,7),  ivih.t  nn  hni.i  “a 
ship  which  has  no  rudder”  (*43,4),  “a  liero,  nn  itx.nw.J 
who  has  not  his  like  (his  second)”  (*42,6). 


List  of  Hieroglyphs. 


The  following  list  of  hierogl3’pliics  is  a  selection  from  the  com¬ 
plete  Ust,  which  Lepsius  arranged  according  to  classes  for  the  type- 
foundry  of  Ferd.  Theinhardt  of  Berlin.  Todaj-  we  know  the  real 
meaning  of  manj'  signs  which  at  that  time  were  ■wTongly  defined; 
the  meaning,  however,  of  many  others  is  yet  unknown. 

After  each  hieroglyph  there  is  given  (in  italics)  the  Egj^itian 
word  with  which  it  is  connected;  and  also  how  the  sign  is  to  be 
read,  if  its  phonetic  value  is  not  written.  Further,  the  classes  are 
given  (in  bold-face  tj'pe)  in  which  the  hieroglyphs  as  determinatives 
are  placed.  The  list,  as  well  as  the  data,  is  incomplete.  In  ad¬ 
dition  to  those  necessary  for  the  reading  excercises,  only  the  most 
frequent  hieroglyphs,  phonetic  values,  and  phrases  are  given. 

Abbreviation:  g.  =  god. 


A.  MEN 


2  ^  to  call,  Cs 


5 

8 

9 

16 


1 

I 


dw:^,  yw^, 
to  worship 

to  turn 
around,  Cny 
to  dance,  to 
rejoice,  ksy 


27  I 


to  bow 

death, 
mummy,  fi 
gure,  tivt 


29 

30 

31 
49 


chief,  offi¬ 
cer,  wr, 
smsw,  ir 
old  man, 
ySiv 

to  smite, 
hw 

hws,  to 
build 


to  build 


71  ^  child,  hrd 


death, 

enemy 


82  ^  soldier, 


84 


jirisoner 


86 


89 


91 


enemy, 
foreigner 
man,  suffix 
§  53 

to  speak, 
to  eat 


92 


98 


sitting, 

weariness 


to  drink, 
swr 


—  ^to  row 


to  hide, 
ymn 


Lisr  OF  lliEROGLvrHS ;  A — D. 


55 


12 

I  ^  clean 

105  ^  to  carry,  15 
to  work 


106 

110 


I/h  (n  16 
rnp.ivt) 

the  dead 


17  ^ 


120 

121 

128 


king, 

suffix  §  53 
king, 

Osiris  i 
king  I 


128 
131  { 


myntv, 
siiv 

foreigner , 
Bedouin 
honoura- 
bleperson, 

SJJd 

133^7/r,  to  fall 

honoura¬ 
ble  person, 
suffix  §  53 

B.  WOMEN 

singer, 
dancer 
y  ^  woman, 

^  suffix  §  53 


139 


10 

11 

19 

25 

31 

32 

33 
36 
54 


yyy 

to  give 
birth  to 

run 


C.  GODS 

^  wsyr^ 

-i  g.  Osiris 

I  ytlj,  g.  Ptah 

I  g.  tnn 
h  (Ptah) 

^  yn-kr.t, 

4  g.  Onuris 

»inif,g.Min 

I 

■ii  g.  Ainou 
||  Siv,  g  Show 

5  rc,  g.  Re 
^  MS,  JjCrw 

-1  g.  Set,  Baal 

H  yn]piv, 

-1  g.  Anubis 
j  dhivty, 

1  g.  Thot 
^  hnmw, 

1  g.  Khnum 


D.  PARTS  OF  MAN 


1 

© 

(B(U,  tp 

3 

Ijr 

6 

hair 

10 

to  see 

(cf.  U’iyr) 

12 

to  see 

15 

)Cyn 

17 

Iwdd.t 

£) 

cf.  P  5 

29 

>r 

33 

j^to  spit,  to 
'  flow  out 

35 

J 

mdw 

37 

X 

back 

38 

p 

SC 

39 

u 

to  suckle 

43 

0 

to  em¬ 

brace,  hpt 

46 

u 

kd 

47 

n,  nyw, 

negative 

51 

hn 

52Q^c:/0 
56  cjsr 

58  htv 

59  _ _ flC,  for  63 

62,-,^ _ Dmh,  rmn 


56 


List  of  HiERO';i,yi>Hs;  D — G. 


63  A _ a  dy,  grh 

66  — Dmy 

66  Q _ ji  hnk,  to 

distribute 
69  Z1  to  smite, 
etc.,  nljt 
76  d 
82  imwi 

84  I  dhC 
87  <2^:=]  dkr  ' 
90  '=iD  &i/<,  man 
90  c — u)  int  I 

95  t;/  hm  \ 

96  J\  to  go,  yw,  ’ 

7Wlt,  Ck  I 

98  ^  to  go 

back,  pry  i 

99  leg,  rd 

101  (jrg  \ 

102  j  k  \ 

103  J  h 


9  ^  bound 

sacrilicial 

animal 

13  yh 

14  yw 
16 

17  ^  goat,berd. 


19 


m^-ljd? 

sCh. 


22 

28  baboon, 

rage 

36  5^^  mi 
38  nt; 

49 

ivp-w^.wt 

65  ^ 


ynpw 

58  ^ 

66  ^  1  bad  wea- 
ther,  g.  stS 


8  IS. 

15 

16 

30  ^i.^ 

33  V  wp 

35  //i?f.^ 

41  \  Cb 
44  hiv,bh,hy^ 
46  ^  to  bear, 
sdm,  ydn 

48  ^  yh 

49  cr^  bpS 

51  I  whm 
58  mammals 
69  I  sSb 
60 

61  ^  tail' 

63  ywC^  yiw 


110  9,  flesh,  IjC 

111  9  flesh 

E.  MAMMALS 

2  P::^  horse,  htr 

3  ^  ox,  /fi,  yl. 


F.  PARTS  OF 
MAMMALS 

3  ^  yb  instead 
of  E  3 
Q  nose,  to 
breathe, 
Jnd,br.t,  rs 


G.  BIRDS 

i,  also  for 
G  5  . 

5  ^ 


List  oi-  HiEROGLyrHs:  G — M. 


57 


rK  m.t 

15  ^  god,  king 

16  ymn 

28  chm  \ 

30  mw.t  ^ 

33  \Rnb.ty(?) 

36  m 

38  w  §  13 

46 

48  (Jliivti/ 

53  hS 

54  biw 


75 


tnw,  hn 
db 


53 

60  bnw 

66  ^  dfi 

67 


birds 


71 

73 


CJc 

pi 


78 

79  wr 

80  evil 

81  '^rJjy.t 
83 


87 


w 


ti 


10 

11 

16 

23 

26 

30 


■=5^^  lifn 
snake, 
goddess 

see  Gr  33 
IMl  snake 


^z 


90  ^sS 

91  ^sncl 


K.  FISH 

<Qo  i/n 
lish 


92 


bi,  soul  ,  10  h 


hi 


H.  PARTS  OF  BIRDS 

1  ^  ipd 

3  %  nr 

12  fnTTT^  to  fly  I 

13  j]  stv,  mic  j 

21  ^  egg,  ' 

goddess 

I.  AMPHIBIA 

2 

I  ^bk 

J  g.  Sobk 
km 


4 

7 

8 

9  frog,  toad, 
hkt 


1 

3 

1 

9 

13 

15 

17 

22 


L.  INSECTS 

bijt 
^  //i?r 

M.  PLANTS 


tree,  ymi 

^ht 
r  rnp, 

I  hi.t-sp 

£  mry,  try 
^  rnp 
?iw,  nhb 


58 

24 

26 

30 

33 

33 

35 

36 

37 


List  of  Hieroglyphs:  M — N. 


1  SW,  istny, 
>  (ny-swt?) 

rii 


ms 


80  I 

82  I  bd.t 

89  |\/I\/i  snw.t 

90 

§  13  '  '  bower 

n  ////  (U^l/?) 

^  §  75 

^  sb-i 


93  J  bur 
98  §  }t(hn 


Cdh.t 

si 


39  Q  dJj.t 

41  plants, //H, 

ysy 

42  #  //i 


43 


47  I  wd(l 
63  lotos 

67 

68  J  W 

73  ^  (late)  wd 

74  J  //(j 
I  (old)  ivd 


1 


N.  HEAVEN, 
EARTH,  WATER 

=1  heaven, 

11. t,  hry 
2  night, 
kivl'W 
5  ^|//n 
7  Q  sun,  dates, 
r<7,  /irw, 
shv 


13 


77 


Q  light,  to 
111  light, 
hnmm.t 

14  ^ 

23  Q  /jC 
26  0 

28  moon,yC//, 

yhd 


30  ipr 
35  -jl^^  sbd,  divd 
37  ==  td 
40  fY^  desert, 
foreign 
country, 
hds.t 

42  dw 
44  ydh.t 

46  TOTF  district, 

sji.t,  hsp 

47  land, 
earth, 
td,  ydb 
(see  X  20) 

48  s  earth, 

land 

49  £^3  way,  bor¬ 

der,  wd.t, 

My) 

50  r- —  ym  (later 

m  §  13) 
-=ys 

51  [m  stone 

53  o  o  o  or  o  grains 

54  (sand, 
incense, 


•paint) 


5  6  ^A^w.  fi 


58 


^a/vsaa 

^HW 

AA/WNA 

?nr 


Lisi'  01'  Hieuogia'I’hs:  N — (i- 


59 


59  pond 

60  r  -n— I  6' 

61  Sni 

66  (  3  nw 

I'l  ^  hi/^ 

0.  BUILDINGS  AND 
THEIR  PARTS 

1  ©  city, 

iiouse;/;n'i 
3  n  house,  2>'>' 

6  ^  pr.t-r-lji  IV 

9  ra  /i 

10  l_n  mr,  iiiit 

m 


12 

17 

19 

29 

36 


h.t 

nh.t-ht 

(jSI  eph- 

thys) 

H.t-hr, 

goddess 

Hathor 

chc 


53  f| 

■hi  obelisk 

54  Q  stela 

61  ^  ]jkr 

65  rXl  least,  hb 
68  /] 

throne 

69  'uiiMi'  door,  to 

open,  Ci 

70  — s,  bolt 

71  -jy-  i/s,  sh,  Sivy 

72  jx3=a  ts 

74  -aoe-  mmVi 
g.  Min 

76  H  M 
80  n  //i,  house 


84  m  srl, 


:  wall 
43  ^  gate,  sbi 

45  [p  linb 
48  ^  h^p 

51  A 

===  pyi'amid 


P.  SHIPS  AND 
THEIR  PARTS 

2  ship, 

7?d,tomoTe 
down  I 
stream  i 


14  1  to 

sail  u]) 
stream 

1 6  t^iv,  iiju' 
19  I  CljC 

21  rudder 

22  I  hr  IV 

23  ^ 

Q.  HOUSE  ARTICLES 

1  rl  (Cf. 

■h  iusyr) 

5  jpi-  like  1 

7  to  sleep 

8  to  die 

9  p  6' 

17  Ijtp 

19 

20  /l\  hr 

25  coffin 

28  ^  dbS 

29  J  ywu 

31  ^  hn 

34  ys 


60 

39 


List  of  Hieroglyphs:  Q — T. 


mdr  28  - 

42  1  1  di-ess, 

mnh.t 

42  1  ^  1  + 

(CrJ?) 

51  ^  ivdc 

54  ^  ts 

58  / - 1  )iidC 

59  stand  for  i 


45  treasure, 
(cUs.t?) ; 


gentilic: 


S.  CLOTHING, 
JEWELRY,  INSIGNIA 

7  Q  Jjp-s 

8  (]  l"l 

11  Y  H,  hijtij 


1  ^xvdhw 


images  of 
gods  and,  ^ 
district  1^^  V 

!  14  (5  tv  §  13 

1 17  {p  hvitj 
I  31  ^  H 


names 

R.  TEMPLE 
ARTICLES 


2  hdxv.t 

13  god,  ntr  ;37  ^  | 

16  hrij.t-ntr 


18 

20 

22 


dd 

smd 

in 


32  clothing 

tongue, 
death, 
mr,  ns 

tb.t 


26  ySh 


38 

'39  Q  Sn 
41  dmd 

43  Cnh 

44  Q  like  45 


treasurer 

50  ^  hrj),  shill 

^  !/»in 
^  ti'd 

I*  Civ.t 

64  I  ivd's,  dCin 

65  'I  ivds.t 


48 


66 


4' 


ivsr 


75  A  nhdhd 

T.  ARMS  AND  WAR 
ARTICLES 

j  'l  foreign 
I  country, 
cdtn,  kind, 
tn 
/ 

rs 


I 


List  of  Hieroglyphs:  T — V. 


61 


9  I  hm 

10  ^ 

15  to  cut 

20  shn 

2 1  pd 

31  I  it! I 
33  . — e  arrow, 
ihr^  iir 
39 

41  Ci 
43  o— li 

45 

chariot 

U.  TOOLS  AND 
AGRICULTURAL 
IMPLEMENTS 

3  J} — .  itp 
5  r''^ — ^  mv 

8  ^  vid 

with  Q,  68 
miC 

12  ■mr,  hoe 

13  plough  fe'uC 

14  tm 

19  "I  tij 

20  ll  inm 
>y» 


21 

i 

24 

s 

wr 

V 

{dh:  U  31) 

27 

y 

mnh 

28 

1 

trhd 

29 

p  irbd  to 

-i 

open 

30 

hm 

31 

dh 

1 

()nr:l]  24) 

33 

1 

¥f 

36 

1 

ml 

38 

5-  u-C 

40 

»r.pNeit) 

42 

\ 

[ 

ims 

45 

c 

msn,(jnw.t 

krs 

48 

49 

A  l>^ib  It 

50  P^)  nb 

V.  WICKER-WORK 

1  (9  cord,  to 

fasten,  id.t 
100 

(cf.  S  14) 


2  std 

5  dtr 

6  9 

6  5 

(cf.  Q  42) 
8  sack,  trf 
10  'S,'  Crk 
15  0'=*^  m  h 
17  id 
21  x:>c  Cnd 

26  -^"1  wd 

27  rivd 

28  ^  si 

29  sJ 

30  I  h 

34  ik 

37  ^  U'dh 

41  F=o  phr 

43  s=5f 

44  yty 

45  C3 

embalm 

(wt) 


62 


List  op  Hieroglyphs:  W— Z. 


W.  VESSELS 

1  W  oil,  mrli.t, 

4  I  hs  or  Ijts 
||  water,  khh 
hm 

hnt 
^  Ijnm 


5 

6 
8 

11 


34 

35  O 


37 


13  5  fluids, 

gifts  Mt 

14  ^  Wt-t, 

milk 

21  0  nw,  yn 

22  yn 

23  tQ, 

23  O  mixvt 
26 

29  2 

31  y7  xi'shjpxxv.t 
33  0  bread,  ti 


39  ^ 

40  B 
'40  ^ 
43  ^ 
46 

49 

63 

59  ‘a 

60  n 


bi 

yt 

fire,  cook¬ 
ing 
hxtr 
dr 
fruit 
nh 
kd.t 

hb,  feast 
corn,  yt 
copper, 
arms 
U 


X.  OFFERINGS 

3  C3ED  nljn 

4  c°D  bread, 

oft’ering 
10  Q  pdro.t 
14  ®  sp 

19  Q  t5 

20  cm  (see 

N  47) 

22  ^  dy 


Y.  WRITING,  MUSIC 
AND 

3AME  ARTICLES 


ss 

,  book, 
abstract 

harp 

sJm 


j  «/'■ 

■v/i 


11 
12 

Z.  STROKES  AND 
DOUBTFUL  SIGNS 

6  W  )/§l3.39c. 

7  X  hcd,  xcpy 
9  n  >»d 

1 0  -fl-  Ijri/ 

12  m  t 
19  CZDI  rn 
:  22  . — d  slsr 
25  Q  yp.t 

i  30  ^  nm 


VocabiiLary- 


The  vocabulary  contains,  besides  the  words  necessary  for  the 
reading-exercises,  other  words  also  which  are  frequent  in  easier  texts. 
The  words  are  arranged  according  to  the  Egyptian  alphabet  (§  12); 
such,  however,  as  are  written  with  the  same  hieroglyphics  are 
placed  in  groups,  in  order  that  thej'  may  the  more  easily  be  found. 
The  hieroglj'phics  placed  before  groups  or  single  words  by  no 
means  represent  the  whole  orthography  of  the  word  in  question; 
but  are  only  a  characteristic  mark  out  of  the  orthography  of  the 
word,  which  is  to  facilitate  the  recognition  of  the  word  b}'  the 
beginner.  The  numbers  give  the  pages  of  the  reading  exercises, 
where  the  complete  writing  of  the  word  can  be  found. 

Abbreviations;  g.  =  God.  c.  =  country,  p.  ■=  place,  t.  ■=  temple. 


i.t  moment. 


iS.t-hr  inspection  *24,5.  32,2. 
ih'.t  roast  meat  *1,9. 


iW^  distant,  to  be  happy 


itjp  to  load, 
load. 


*12,8. 

iw  length  *20,10.  47, lu, 
iiv.t-yb  jo}-  *24,7. 


ihh(i?)  to  mix  *18,7. 
ihdw  town  Abydos  *8,5. 


ynvy  to  be  old. 


36,9.  45,10. 

th  imm  to  grasp  *28,1. 
ih.t  field  *26,7. 


ipd  duck,  goose,  birds  *8,8. 


yiw.t  office  *15,2.  21,10. 


TTT  ili.t  inundation  §  48. 

isy  to  hurry,  to  accelerate  *52,5. 


.6.  J/j/)  f.  oncf-. 

yir.t  beans(?)  *7,2. 
yirr.t  wine  *25,8. 


ii.t-yb  wish  *19,10. 


yih  excellent  *14,9.  33,5, 


64 


Vocabulary:  yiht.—yh.f. 


fOl  yiht  horizon  *3,7.  20,4.  55,1. 
yik.t  bulblike  *45,9. 
n  yy  (yiy?)  come  §  75.  *9,1. 
J  yy-wy  welcome  I  *33,9. 
yCy  to  wash  *27,8. 

yCh  moon  *15,8. 
yiv  to  be  §  122fif.  §  26c.  131b. 
J\  to  come  *12,8.42,5.51,1 

§  75. 

( - )  yiv  islsnd  *13,8.  43,10.  45,2. 

yivC  to  reward  *26,14. 
ywC  heir,  inheritance  *9,7. 
29,2.  33,10. 

9  ywf  meat  *1,8. 

yivmv  town  Heliopolis  *11,5. 


1 


y^  to  believe  *46,2. 
yby  to  thirst  *43,11. 

^  yb  heart  *3,6.  25,7.  Of.  hry-yb. 

ybd  month  *5,1.  §  48. 
yp  to  count  *34,4 
yp.t-i§.ivt  t.  Karnak  (Thebes)  *4,9. 
ym  there  *7,6.  45,8  thereof  *22,8. 


yrm.t  goodness  *12,10.  15,5. 

yniih  reputation  *2,7. 
ymiJiy  worthy,  respected 
*2,3.4. 

..-JW  ymy  not  to  be  *48,7.  §  139. 
ymy  give!  *50,1.  §  101. 

_n_  ymy  he  avIio  is  in  *10,1.  19,5. 
iJ  ymy-yh  darling  *7,10. 

ymy-n  (mr)  director  *2,6.7. 

ynm  to  conceal  (oneself). 


ymn  g.  Amon  of  Thebes  *2,9. 
ymn.t  the  west  *20,1.  28,2. 
ymn.ty  western,  right  3,7.  55,5. 
yyi  on  the  part  of  *27,1.  §  61g. 
yn-m  who?  *47,2.  §  137. 
yny  to  bring  *22,7. 
ynic  offering  *19,3. 

ynpw  g.  Anubis  *19,4. 

'^yyir  stone  *6,10.  54,6. 

I  egg-shell  *55,7. 

I  yyih  to  enclose  *52,9. 

I  ynh  eyebrow  *46,9. 

!  (y)nd-hr  Haill  *27,10.  31,8. 

yr  if  §  135;  emphasis  §  131. 

With  suffixes:  *18,8.  §  69b. 
I  §  102.  §  137. 

I  ■<s>-  yry  to  make  *20,3. 

to  create,  to  beget  *18,7. 
§  115.  128. 
to  pass  time  *45,4. 
auxiliary  verb  §  128. 
yry-yh.t  to  sacrifice  *11,4. 
yyy  he  who  belongs  to  *26,6. 
40,2.  §  36a. 
ynv  figure  *31,10. 
yyp  wine  *1,8. 
yyyyt  Orontes  *53,8. 

^  yytt  milk  *1,8. 

ox  *8,8.  36,9. 
yhw.iy  builder,  farmer. 

®  5^  yli.l  affair  *8,9. 


A'oCABni.ARv;  ^lnn,v'(--^k)—Cs. 


65 


yhmAv(-§k)  see  Im.  I 

ys  grave  *9,1.  36,5. 

7T"  ysy  to  haste. 

ysw  reward  *24,8. 
yst,  yst  behold,  here  (§  64b)  *18,1. 

37,1.  51,1  fif. 
it  barley  *7,6. 

o  (also  )  yt  (also  if?) 

father  *3,2.  6,8.  10,7.  11,9. 

12,2. 

yt-ntr  ^  1  “father  of  the 
god“  (title  of  a  priest)  *49,3. 
■^n— rr  ytni  g.  Atum  *3,7. 
yf/i  disk  of  the  sun  *16,9.  55,2. 
yfric  stream  *24,1. 

ytjj  to  take  *47,4. 
ydh  two  border's  (shore?)  *25,8. 
^  yilnw  representative,  assistant 


Cw,t  small  cattle. 

Cwiij  to  rob. 

Cb  horn  *38,8, 
tombstone  *22,1  (cf.  \rp)- 
to  be  supplied  with  *13,6. 
to  fit  out  *56,2. 


0 


Cm  to  swallow. 


Cny  to  turn  around  *53,10. 


*27,8. 


_Q  C  arm  *12,9. 

tp-C  before  *44,10.  §  134. 
tpy-C.wy  ancestor  *39,10. 
m-C  of  *54,5. 

=*  Ci  great,  to  be  great  (Ciy). 
n-Ci.t-n  because  *10,4. 


Cih.t  offering,  gift. 

Cim  Syrian,  Asiatic  *13,5.  40,3. 


Cnh  to  live  §  18c,  the  living 
*21,5. 
life  *22.5. 

Cnli  ear  *7,9. 

>OC  Cnd  fat. 

SrgpS  Cry  to  ascend. 

Crf  bag  (with  paint?)  *19,6. 
36,9. 

Crky  last  *18,4. 

Chi  to  fight  *37,4.  42,7. 

Chi  battle  *13,7. 
arrow  *42,11. 

M  ChC  to  stand  *51,3. 

J  auxiliai'y  §  127. 

ChC  life-time  *18,1.  55,11. 
(m).ChC.t  grave  *49,2. 

S  ChC  palace  *10,1.  14,6.  56,2. 


Chm  holy  sparrow-hawk, 
idol. 

Chnw.ty  cabinet  (of  the 
king)  *2,6. 


Cyn  lime-stone. 

R  O  ED  E  R-M  E  RCK  R  ,  SUORT  EGYPTIAN  GRAMMAR 


Cs  to  call  *51,5. 


66 


Yocabolarv:  Cs} — irff. 


<=5=^  Cs)  to  be  many,  many  *7,4. 
18,1.  37,3. 

Csi  rich  *31,9. 

Ck  to  go  in  *5,8.  23,6.  41,1. 


W 


£^3  Wi.t  way  *6,2.  43,5. 

^uiy  to  bow  to  (r)  *30,8. 


wiw  wave  *45,3. 


luih  to  lay  *47,5. 
ivih  happy,  lasting  *4,7. 
to  be  happy  *21,9. 
iviS  hapinness  *4,1. 

^  wi&.t  ^  town  Thebes  *4,6. 

Wiiy  to  go  to  ruin  *25,6. 

J  gi'cen,  fresh,  young  *16,3. 

iricl  green  paint  *1,11. 

goddess  Uto  of  the  Delta. 
wid-wr  the  (Red)  Sea  *13,8. 
44,9.  45,3. 

wy  how  1  *35,3.  §  68,  cf.  yy-u'y. 
t~c3>c,  wyi  ship. 

one  *37,10.  40,11. 
alone  *55,1 1. 
tcC.ty  the  only  one  *4,10. 
U'Cy  to  be  alone  *45,4.  53,5. 
V'CCw  lonesomeness  (of  the 
king),  palace  *11,2. 

n?  wCb  clean  *8,9. 

1  priest  *2,1.  21,6. 

U'Cf  to  fetter  *6,5.  14,1. 


i 


^  wbi  to  penetrate  *27,6. 

W  wbti  to  rise  (sun)  *12,7.  18,9. 
in  55,3. 

\y  wp  to  adjust  *11,3. 
ivpy  to  open  *46,1 0.| 
wp-rvi.wt  g.  Upuat  *8,6.  29,8. 
w)i  to  open  *6,1. 
wniv.t  hour  *51,9. 
ivnn  to  be,  to  exist  *36,3. 
wnn-nfr  Osiris  *23,8.  28,3. 
\cnm  food  *55,11. 
to  eat  *56,8. 
great  *11,1;  the  great 
one  *5 1 ,2 ;  first-born  23. 8. 
n-wr-n  because  *27,7. 
U'rry.t  war-chariot  *13,9. 
wrSy.t  guard  *43,6. 

I  whn  to  repeat  *4,1.  27,8. 
i  irhy.t  stem  *44,7. 

'  Qni)  whC  to  loosen, 
i  rj  1^'&yr  g.  Osiris  *2,9.  Title 

!  11  of  the  dead  *9,9. 

u-sr  to  be  mighty  *22,9. 
wsr  strong  *12,1.  14,5. 

U'ir.w  might  *18,2. 

XI7  ti''Sb  far,  to  be  Avide. 
ivsh  width  *47,11. 

U'Sh  t  transport  ship  *43,3. 
u'itn  to  step  out  *6,4. 

X  ii'sb  to  answer  *47,8. 

Q  wt  to  embalm. 

n\t  toAA'ii  name?  19,5. 

C — u)  ivtl  to  beget  *49,8. 


VorAnui.AiiY:  wdn—piwj 


67 


f  U'(hi  to  sacrifice. 
wdJiw  altar. 

1  ^  wd  to  command *  *29,5. 

1’  i  wd  command  *39,9. 
wdi  whole,  healed,  to  be  happy 
*30,7.  47,5. 
wdi  to  go  *56,1. 

ivdi.t  holy  Uzat-eye. 
wdC  to  judge. 

^  wdb  shore,  beach  *37,3. 


J 


bi  to  cut  into  pieces  *54,10. 
hi  to  be  happy  (?)  *18,9. 
bi  soul  *23,4. 
biw  boat  *56,2. 

biw  might  *13,2.  19,2.  37,8. 
ram,  soul. 

ni-bih  before  *19,8.  46,11. 
out  *23,10. 

^  bis.ti/.t  goddess  Bubastis  (of  the 
town  hiS.t). 
bik  olive-oil  *7,4. 

higy  to  be  tired  *33,6. 

by.t  honey  *7,4. 
byty  king  of  Lower  Egypt 
*4,1.  41,7. 

biji  mine  in  Sinai  *47,9. 
byn  bad. 


byk  falcon. 

byk  to  work  *16,8. 
byk  servant  *9,11.  54,4. 
bCr  g.  Baal  *53,4. 

bw  place  *10,2. 

bw-nb  each  one  *35,2. 
bw-nfr  the  good  §  35c. 
bivt  abhorrence. 
bb.t  whirlpool  (?)  *24,1. 

bn.t  harp  *49,1. 

bnw  Phoenix  (bird  in  Helio¬ 
polis). 

bmo.t  black  granite(?)  *11,10. 

V  bnr  sweet  *35,3. 

/  bnr  date. 
bhi  to  flee  *37,9, 

b&y  to  introduce. 
bU  to  revolt  *30,8. 


bd.t  spelt  (wheat)  *7,6. 


bd^  to  become  discouraged  *52,6. 


□  jl 

p.t  heaven  *6,1. 
to  fly. 

pi  to  have  been  *54,7.  §  130. 
pi  this,  the  *41,1.  §  41. 

Q  piw.t  primitive  times 

*9,6.  16,10. 

piw.  ti  primitive  god  *8,3. 
piw.t  sacriflcial  bread. 
5* 


68 


TocAnm.ARy:  pC.i — mnw. 


^  pC.t  mankind *  * * * §34,6. 
pw,  pwy  these  *28,2.  §  58. 
pwn.t  c.  Punt. 
pfi  that  *37,1.  §  57c. 
pfs  see  fit/  to  cook. 

pn^  to  turn  over. 

I _ I  pr  house  *2,8. 

pr-Jid  treasury  *3,10. 
pr-Ci  pharaoh  *56,1. 
pr.t  winter  *8,4.  18,4.  §  48. 
pry  to  ascend,  to  come  out 
*6,3.  23.6.  40,11. 
to  he  delivered  up  *19,8. 
pr.t-r-hrw  saci'ifice  for  the 
dead  *8,8. 
pry  hero  *42,6. 
prsn  baking  *1,9. 

p)h  to  get  *43,9. 

<h.t  strength. 

phr  to  draw  through  *33,7. 
psd  back  *13,11.  19,3. 

©  pisd.t  the  ninefold  gods  (family 
of)  *32,3.8. 

ptn  desert  between  Egjpt  and 
Syria  *43,9. 
ptr  behold!  *59,1. 

pd.t  bow  *16,2. 

fiy  to  carry. 

fnd  nose  *43,1.  49,10.  50,1. 
fh  to  loose. 

fsy  (later  pdy)  to  cook  *44,6. 
fki  to  reward. 


Tip’-'- 


m 


m  preposition  §  61a. 
m-m  together  with  *23,8. 
mi  (niiy?)  lion  *30,9. 
mi-hs  lion  *53,9. 

mu  to  see  *12,5.  23,5.  43,6. 

I  miC  true  *33,1 1.  genuine 

*46,9. 

miC-hrw  to  justify  *29,3. 

blessed  *2,1 — 5, 
triumph  *18,2. 
miC.t  right  *11,3.  32,9. 

o  miivt  red  granite  *12,3. 
mih  garland  *50,2. 
nii-hd  Oryx-Antilope  *4,4. 

0  my  how  *4,3.  then  *22,1.  §  135. 

§  my.ty  the  like  *16,10.  54,7. 
r-my.ty.t  in  like  manner  *26,6. 


mynw  herdsman. 
myny  to  land,  to  die;  see  mn. 
~vwv\  mw  water  *1,10.  44,5. 
miv.t  mother  *16,1. 

goddess  Mut  of  Thebes. 

mu't  to  die  *44,1. 

mn  to  remain,  to  last  *10,5, 
mn-yh  brave  *33,9. 
myny  to  land,  to  die  *39,10. 
50,7. 

^  mnC.t  wet-nurse  *19,11. 

mmo  monument  *6,8. 

I  mnw  g.  Min  *29,11. 


Vocabulary:  mnw.t — nh.t. 


69 


mnw.t  dove  ’•'19,7. 
mnfi/.t  army,  staff *  *31,. 1. 
nmnin  to  tremble  *46,3. 
mnmn.t  herd  *7,7.  42,9. 
f\  mnh  to  be  excellent  *14, .3. 

®  mnh  excellent  *20,6. 

1  1  mnh.t  dress  *1,11. 

mntw  g.  Mont  *43,2.  *53,3. 
n/r  s.  ynuj-ri  director. 
mr  to  be  sick. 
mr  pyramid. 

K  mrij  to  love  *10,4.  16,2. 

\  mrw.t  love  *14,8. 
or  n-mrw.t  (§  62b)  therewith 

*10,5. 

1  i  out  of  love  for  *12,7. 

mr.t  subordinates,  slaves 
*14,10. 

^  mvh.t  oil  *1,11. 

mh  to  fill  *5,6. 

to  be  full  *20,1 1. 
mh-yh  darling  *3,11. 


mh.t  ^  the  north  (Delta) 
*7,11. 

mh.ty  northera  *17,11.  40,1. 
mhy.t  north-wind  *23,11. 
mh  ^ _ fl  ell  *6,9.  20,9.  46,6. 

J\  ms  to  bring. 


I 


msy  to  give  birth  to  *15, 
msw.t  birth  *4,1. 

^  yn&n.ty  stone-cutter  *2,3. 

m.srim.t  black  paint  *1,11. 
msdy  to  hate  *36,4. 


mSC  army  *2,6.  30, 1 1. 


)nSw  dagger  *41,3. 
mhy  to  protect  *14,1. 

mk.t  protection  *33,2. 
mt  see  inwt  to  die. 


('=0)  mty  director^?)  *21,7. 
mtn  chief  *44,3. 

Amd.t  speech  *51,6. 
mdw  to  speak  *55,7. 


mdr  to  press. 

mdr-ivi.t  to  be  true  *41,10. 


AAAAAA  yi 

11  preposition  §  61c.  genetive 
§  21c. 


.  not51,4.  54,7.  §  138. 

nyw.ty  he  who  is  (has)  not 
*33,6.  §  140. 

nyw.tyt'da.Td.  which  does  not 
exist  *9,5. 

nn  not  *26,9.  42,6.  43,4.  45,1. 
§  138. 


1 


nyh  to  call. 


nw.t  (nniv.t?)  goddess  of 
heaven  Nut  *28,7. 

©  nw.t  town,  residence  *2,7. 

nw.ty  municipal  *21,11. 
nwy  flood  *34,9. 

V  ^  nh  each,  every,  all  anyone 

*4,9.  13,2.  19,2.  21,8.  §  37b. 

master  *2,7.  9,11.  40,1. 
nb.t  mistress  *2,8.  20,1. 


70 


Vocabulary:  nb.ti/—ri-iiv. 


nh.tjjC?)  “the  two  goddesses 
of  the  land,”  title  of  a  king 
*4,7. 

nb.t-h.t  goddess  Nephthys, 

nh  gold  *3,10.  26,4. 

^ib.t  town  Nubt. 
nb.ttj  g.  Nubti  (Set);  cf.  Hr. 
nbs  Sycomore(?)  *1,10. 

•)  ^  •)'  nfiu  aspiration, breath  *22,5. 
T  (cf.  tiw). 

I  nfr  beautiful,  good  *18,1. 

0  nfrio  beauty  *16,1.  55,4. 
nfr.t  girl  *56,2. 
nfry.t-r  until  *18,4.  §  62c. 

A  nmt  to  w'ander  *40,1. 

^  nn  this  *10,3.  44,1.  §  57e. 

nrw  strength  *6,6. 
nr.t  mankind  *34,6. 
tdK  nr.t  goddess  Neit  of  Sais. 
nrr  to  bow(?)  *28,9. 
nh.t  Sycomore. 

nhrn  Naharina  (Mesopotamia) 
D'ini  *17,11.  37,1.  40,4. 
nhb.t  nape  of  the  neck  *42,11. 
nhm  to  take  away. 

nhh  eternity  *6,4;  only 
written  *31,8. 

nhsy  negro,  Nubian  *38,11. 

A  ithibi  whip. 

nhb  town  £lkab. 

7ihb.t  goddess  Nechbet. 
CS3  nhn  (cf.  saw)  town  Nechen 
*4,4.  54,1. 


nhi  to  be  a  child  *10,2. 

'  6  -t]  nht  to  be  strong,  strong  *4,6. 
;  nht  strength,  victory  *13,1. 
14,2.  40,6. 
ns  tongue. 

ns  belonging  to,  according 
to  measure  *46,6. 

JJ\  ns.t  throne  18,11. 

nLt-ti.xvy  t.  Karnak  *6,8. 

I  nty  -which  §  141a. 

nty.t  the  existent  *9,5. 
nty.w-ym  the  dead  *32,4. 
r-nty.t  that  *30,8.  §  136. 

S  ntr  god  *8,2. 

I  ntry  to  be  divine  *16,4. 
ntry  divinity  (?)  *31,5. 
ntr-nfr  good  god:  king  *20,1. 
Cf.  h.t-ntr,  hm-ntr,  hry.t-ntr. 

t  nd(y)  to  deliver,  to  protect 
*33,5. 

nd(.ty)  deliverer  *12,6.  13,10. 

1 7idm  sweet,  pleasant  *12,10.22,5. 
nds  small  *47,2. 


r  preposition  §  61b;  after  impera¬ 
tive  *38,4.  §  102;  with  infinitive 
§  106. 

conjunction:  §  136;  cf.  yr. 

I  r}  mouth  *7,9.  36,8. 
saying  *56,9. 
n  goose  *19,7. 
n-pr  temple  *12,8. 
n-iw  p.  Tura  (quarry)  *54,6. 


Vocabolaiiy:  n-hry — lny.t. 


71 


n-hry  supreme  director 
*39,7. 

n-sfi.iv  p.  Sakkara  *23,0. 
yniy-n  (mr)  director  *2,6. 
39,8. 

O  rC  g.  Ee  *6,3.  4,3. 

ril'd  to  thrive  *10,6. 
rwd  feast  *24,8. 


rd  leg  *40,2.  (dual  rd.ivi). 
rdy  to  give  §  74. 

rdy  to  give  §  74. 


4' 


to  appoint  *54, .3. 


Z1  rwd  steps  *9,4. 


Q  rpC.ty  (yry-pC.t?)  prince  ' 
*3,7. 

_ _ 0  yry.t-pC.t(?)  princess  *15,5. 

r.f  *18,8;  cf.  yr.  j 

rm  fish  *45,10. 


rmny  to  carry. 
rmt  man  *3,6.  26,2. 
rn  name  *7,1.  10,5. 

i  rnpy  fresh,  to  be  young. 
rnpy.t  fiowers,  fruit  *15,2. 
rnp  (Calendar-(year)*5,10. 14,2. 
^  rnn  to  bring  up  *16,2.  25,9. 
Jm  38,5—7. 

I'h  to  know,  to  be  acquainted  with 
*26,3.  48,9.  51,4.  §  82. 
rhyJ  mankind  *31,2, 

±rs  south  (Upper  Egypt). 

rsy  southern  *8,10.  17,10.  40,1, 

^  rys  to  awake. 

£l  rSw.t  joy  *50,6. 

rSrs  to  be  glad  *31,3. 

O  rk  time  *49,6. 
r.k  *38,4;  cf.  r. 
rtnw  Syria  *13,5.  42,5. 


mh 

ra^  l„  o:  §  70. 

hiy  to  descend  *30,2.  47,9. 
hib  to  send  *27,6. 
hy  to  rejoice  *31,3. 
f — li)  hy  husband. 
hp  law  *17,2. 
hnihm.t  roaring  *13,9. 

_ fl  hny  to  bow. 

hnw  to  shout  with  joy  *31,2. 
hry  to  be  satisfied. 

O  hrw  day  *27,11.  43,7. 
hdhd  to  attack  *37,6. 


4 


J 

Ipt  house,  fortress  *43,6. 
h.t-ntr  temple  *2,11.  §  18a. 

h.t-hr  goddess  Hathor  *2,8. 


<?)  hi.ty  heart  *34,11. 
hi.ty  the  first  one  §  47. 
'hr-hi.t  before  *37,11.  52,7. 
54,8. 

j"  hi  .t-sp  year  of  reign.  §  48a. 

^  hi.ty-C  count  *2,3. 
- _ a  §  38. 

fhi  behind  *51,3. 

hiy.t  mourning  *33,7. 


72 


VocABUi  ARY :  hiw-hih. 


hiw  naked *  *30,5. 

h(i)p  to  conceal. 

h(i)pw.ty  spy  *51,7.  10. 
hi-nh.w  Greeks  etc.  *34.7. 
hih  to  rob  *42,9. 

J\  huhy  to  seek  *33,6. 

9^9.0,  limb,  body  *12,9.  18,7. 

hCy  to  rejoice  *12,5. 
hCpy  Nile  *22,7. 

hivy  to  smite  *42,8. 


hh  feast  *28,10. 
hh-kl  reign-jubilee  *15,11. 
'll  '  fibs  to  clothe. 

I  Ijbs  dress  *30,5. 

^  hpy  Apis,  bull  in  Memphis. 


/jpt  to  embrace. 

/jfiw  snake,  dragon  *46,5. 

hfn  100000.  §  46. 

O  hm.t  wife  *3,2.  15,5.  17,9. 
hr, no  rudder  *43,4. 
hnisy  to  sit  *38,3. 
hm  majesty  *5,1. 
hm  servant,  slave  *26,6. 
hm-vij-  prophet  *2,9.  §  18a. 
hm-ki  priest  of  the  dead  *21,6. 
hni.t  female  slave  *26,6. 
hmu'.t  handicraft,  art  *2,11. 
^  hmu'.ly  workman  *2,2.  20,3.8. 
£)  hint  copper  *41,3. 
hnC  together  with  *6,3.  37,2.  7,2. 


y7  hnw.t  mistress. 

hnmm.t  mankind  *34,6. 

Q _ j)  hnk  to  present. 

hnk.t  offering  *23,2. 
hr  g.  Horus  *19,1; 

8?^  title  of  a  king  *4,1. 

Hr  Nh.ty(?)  “Horus,  (con- 

queror  of)  Nubti  [=  Bet]”; 
title  of  a  king  *4,7. 
hr  sight,  face. 
hr-nh  each  one  *35,1. 
hr  preposition  §  61d. 
ni-hr-n  before,  on  *52,4. 
hft-hr  in  the  presence  of  *26,5. 
r-hff-hr  in  the  presence  of 
*50,5. 

hry  the  supreme  *2,11. 

14,10.  39,8. 
hry.t  desert  *3,8. 
hry-yb  dwelling  in  *8,6. 
hry-d}(Ji  chief  *4,4.  8,2. 

29,11. 

-Tl-  hry  to  withdraw  *51,3. 

hry.t  terror  *13,3.  39.1. 
hh  cf.  hyhy  to  seek,  nhh  eternity. 
hh  million. 

hh  n  rivp.wt  million  j'ears 

*15,11.  27,4. 

S  hsy  to  praise  *19,10.  21,1. 
k  hsw.t  favour,  love  *15,5.  20,1. 
26,3. 

hsy  to  sing  *50,5. 
hsy  singer  *49,1. 
hsi  see  ms  lion. 

Q  hsb  to  calculate  *9,9.  15,1. 

55,11. 


73 


V 0 c A P UL A p. V :  hk.t —  hr. 


hk.t  ^  beer  *1,8.  8,8. 

M‘. /goddess  Uekt(toad)  *29,8. 

'?  hki  to  rule  *16,2. 

I  hki  ruler  *9,8.  15,7. 
hkiA.  rule  *34,2. 
hkr  hungry  *3,5.  30,4. 
hknw  praise  *43,2. 

,  -n._  hfj)  to  sit  down,  to  rest 
*19,1.  55,5. 
to  set  (sun)  *3,7. 
htp  peace  *9,1.  24,7.  54,9. 
htp.t  food  *19.7. 
him  to  go  to  ruin  *26,9. 

htr  team  (of  horses)  *37,2. 
^  52,2. 

nt-htr  charioteer  *52,6. 
h(l  to  become  bright  *18,8.  43,9. 
h(],  white,  silver. 

hcl.f  crown  of  Upper  Egypt 
*34,3. 


O  h 

O  h.t  see  ylut  atfair. 

Ipt  tree  cf.  ht. 

?  hi  thousand  *19,6. 

S  slaughter  *40,8. 

hiw  night  *43,8. 

hiic.t  altar  *23,10. 
hirto  Syria  *55,9. 

his.t  desert,  foreign 
country  *14,1.  51,2. 
his.ty  foreigner.  Bed¬ 
ouin  *31,1. 


Q  hCy  to  appear,  to  shine  *55,1. 
glittering  *4,6.  6,7. 
hCio  brightnes.s,  crowns  *4,7. 
hC.io  arms  *13,7. 
liCr  to  rage  *53,2. 
hit!//  to  protect. 
hbsir.t  beard  *46,7. 
lipty  to  die  *36,4. 

hpr  to  become,  to  happen 
^  *18,9. 

hpr  form,  appearance  *11,7. 
23,3. 

hpS  power  *17,3. 
hft  until,  on  *20,3.  according  to 
*36,2. 

hft-hr,  r-hft-hr  cf.  hr. 
hffy  enemy. 

n_i,  hm  not  to  know  *39,1. 

yhm.w-ilc  the  star  wdiich 
does  not  set  (cir¬ 
cumpolar)  *31,2. 

—  hut  three. 

hmt  to  think  *42,8. 

hny  to  flutter,  to  lie  down 
^  *43,10. 

hnt  forehead  *38,9. 
hnt  before  *39,2. 

Irniy  the  foi-emost,  the  first. 
hniy  imn.tyw  god  of  the 
dead  of  Abj’dos  *8,7. 
hnty  to  go  up  stream,  to 
journey  southward  *56,5. 
hr  with,  preposition  §  61  f;  but 
*51,9.  §  64b. 


74 


Vocabdlary:  hr — smy.t. 


2^35^1  hr  to  fall  *43,1.11. 

lir  hostile  prince  *37,1.  51,1. 
hnu  voice  *46,1. 
hriv  enemy  *33,3.  army  *52,9. 
hrp  to  lead  *27,4;  to  advance 
*53,5. 

hrp  leader,  director  *3,9. 
hrp  stela,  tomstone  *22,1  (cf. 
Cbi). 

hsbd  lapislasuli  *46,9. 
hsf  to  keep  oflf. 
hsf'i/w  to  draw  near  *32,5. 
h.t  tree  *7,5.  46,3. 
hf-n-Cnh  tree  of  life  *34,10. 
ht  in  *32,9. 

m-ht  aftenvard.s  *30,10. 
future  *50,11. 
hff  written  instead  of  hft. 

Q  him  seal,  to  seal. 

Mi  Hittite  *51,1. 

hdy  to  go  down  stream,  to 
journey  northward  *43,5. 
52,8.  56,5. 


/I\  hr  under  *39,9.  §  61e. 

hry  he  who  carries,  possessor 
*55,11. 

hry.t  necessity  of  life  *34,4. 

^  hry.t-ntr  graveyard, 
\_1\  underworld  *6,2.  56,8. 

hry-hb  reading  priest. 

hrd  child  *21,10. 
l‘sy  miserable  *30,8.  37,1. 

^  kkr  jewelry,  arms  *13,6. 


h.t  body  *28,7.  belly  *46,11. 
hib.t  ‘‘wire”  of  the 
crown  *38,9. 
hny  to  row  *56,4. 

\  Imy.t  sailor  *26,1. 

hnw  the  inside,  palace  *48,8. 


Q 


56,2. 

m-hliw  in  *41,1.  55,8. 
hum  to  unite  with  *12,9. 
hnmw  g.  Chnum  *29,8. 


s(i?)  man  *40,3.  55,10. 

Si  son  *2,7.  Si.t  daughter 
*3,1. 

Si  protection  *12,9.  3,4. 
Si  Phyle  (priest’s  staff)  *21,7. 
Siw  watchman. 
siir  Xhu  title  of  an  official 
*54,1. 

Sib  judge  *54,3. 

-JT  swy(?)  to  go. 

sby  to  pass  away  *49,6. 

SK-r  (later  swy)  to  drink  *24,1. 

@  sp  time  *26,4.  47,2.  property 
♦31,5.  misfortune  *33,4. 
e.xample  *31,5.  37,6. 
sp  ever  *16,10.  54,7. 
spy  to  remain  over  *45,1. 
tm+  spi.t  district  *30,2. 

smiy  to  unite  *38,4. 
smy.t  cemetery. 


VocAnni.ARY:  sn!/—^nd. 


75 


sni/  to  pass  by. 
snw  bread  *23, 'J. 

y  xlm.t  support  of  heaven  *13,3. 

ssm  cf.  ism  horse, 
ss  writer  *14,11. 
to  write  *35,10. 
ss  swamp  *56,6. 
sin  blossom  of  the  lotus  *50,2. 
s/rr  g.  of  the  dead  in  Memphis. 


(1. 


Si  back. 

m-Si  behind  *41,2.  53,9. 
iiy  to  become  satisfied. 

USih  to  present  with  *26,7. 
to  get  *44,10. 

si/i  to  perceive,  to  recognise 
*44,3. 

SJ/ih  to  glorify  *28,6. 
s.Ciy  to  enlarge  *39,6. 
s.Cnh  to  animate. 

sCh  nobility,  dignity  *5,5. 
28,3. 
knight  *39,5. 

M  s.ChC  to  set  up,  to  reach  *6,9. 

T  16,6. 

X  swiy  to  pass  by  *21,8.  36,5. 
S.iViS  to  praise  *31,5. 

swh.t  egg  *55,7. 
swt  but  §  64c. 

I  SJvd  to  order  *21,10. 


sbi  star. 

§bi  door,  gate  *6,9.  16,6. 
shh  to  cry  43,1. 
sp.t  lip,  coast. 
spr  to  get  *40,4. 

<pdd  to  make  ready,  to  be  §  77. 


& 


loosen, 
smi  to  kill. 

s»!i  sacrificial  bull  *13,11. 

/  1  s.niiC  to  justify  *35,9. 

^.miC-hrio  to  justify  *56,10. 

s.mury  to  renew. 


smy  to  announce. 

s.mn  to  establish  *15,10. 
17,2. 

s.mnh  to  embellish,  to  mend 
*10,9.  to  do  good  *41,10. 
smr  friend  (royal  title)  *2,1. 

smsio  the  elder  *9,6.  32,8. 


sn  brother  *3,3.  32,7. 
sn.t  sister,  wife  *19,10.  50,2. 
sn.nw  the  second,  companion 
*42,6.  45,5. 

Q  sn  to  smell,  to  kiss. 

sn-ti  to  worship  *32,4. 
snb  to  be  well  *2,1.  health  *24,7. 

y  s.nfr  to  embellish  *14,6. 


s.nhn  to  bring  up  (child)  *5,5. 

snir  inceuse  *1,10.  22,4. 

snd  to  be  afraid  *48,7. 
snd  fear  *13,2.  43,6. 


76 


VocAB  CLARY  1  s.  ndm — sC. 


I  s.ndm  to  sit  *47,4.  50,4. 
sndr  c.  Sendar  *40,7. 

sr  officer  *21,8.  prince  *40,11. 


ss}.f  Seschat,  goddess  of  \vrit- 


irh  throne  *19,1. 
ihw  to  assemble  *37,1. 

Ky  s.hniiy  to  drive  back  *33,4. 

^  to  withdraw  *18,6. 

to  drive  away  *33,3. 

I — Q— I  s.htp  to  rejoice  *30,6. 

^  Lhd  to  clear  up  *16,9.  56,4. 

(]  []  J]  sh.t  field. 

?  shi  to  think  of  *50,6. 
ik  ihiio  remembrance  *32,6.  ^ 

,^h)H  to  have  power  over  (»»)' 
*23,3.  37,7.  38,5.  j 

shm  mighty  *9,7. 
shm-t  might  *35,4.  j 

ihm.t  double  crown  *38,7. 

^  ihm  Sistrum  (women’s  rattle). 

shr  kind  *55,6.  plan,  advice. 

IJn-  to  cast  down  *31,1. 
ihiJj  to  run  *41,1. 

:  shr  to  cover  *46,8. 


Lj-^  s.si//  to  satisfy  *45,11. 

O  sstv  day  of  the  month  *6,1. 
§  48a. 

.^sm,  ssm  horse  *26,11. 
ss7n.t  mare  *40,11. 

£)  s.ihi  to  breathe  *22,5. 


■ism  to  lead  *20,3. 

_ ^  skr  (later  sk^)  to  smite 

*13.5. 

skr-Cyih  prisoner  *26,11. 
^dyd  rower  *48,1. 

^  sk  to  pass  (away)cf.;//nn??..;«-s'fc. 
s.gr  to  silence  *50,8. 

— d  s.grh  to  appease  *17,2. 

Tstg  to  throw,  to  close  *42,10. 
sty  Bedouin  *44,2. 
stir.t  light  raj'S  *20,11. 
stry  (}}y-sw.t?)  king  of  Upper 
Egypt  *3,8.  4,1.11.  5,10. 
stiiy.f  kingdom  *4,7.  29,5. 
st  see,  as  *25,5.  §  64b. 

Hi  winding. 
sty.t  Syria  *13,4. 
st.ty  Syrian  *17,3. 
f' — ^  sip  to  choose. 

sfj)  chosen  *14,3.  48,2. 

sd  tail  *41,5. 

S(l)di  to  tremble  §  77. 

^  sdm  to  hear  *30,10.  46,1. 


1 


s  pond  *8,10.  56,1. 

Si IV  destiny  *49,5. 
kiC  to  begin. 

SiC-tn  begun  from  *18,3. 
I  SC  sand  *37,3.  52,2. 


VocAmii.ARY :  hry-tiC -  l<iry. 


77 


hry-sC  Bedwin  *54,10. 
iC.t  cake  *1,9. 
sCd  to  cut  *41,5. 


P 


Si«  feather. 

Sw  g.  Schow. 

hv.ty  double  feather  (as  a 
king’s  crown)  *38,10. 

?  spiy,  Spss  to  be  venerable, 
j  ipsy  venerable  *2,10.  12,11. 
sps  stela  *21,8. 


22.  appearance,  might  *0,0. 

10,7. 

'J'j  '  smy  to  go- *43,8.  44,7.  48,10. 
Snivi  summer  *5,1. 


■’H  SmC  to  play,  to  dance  *50,5. 
smCy.t  dancer  *2,5. 
hnC  Upper  Egypt  *54,1. 

3  hniy  to  follo-\v,  to  serve  *9,10. 
A  40,1.  50,10. 

bniw  servant  *2,2.  52,10. 


^  sny  to  surround  *24,5. 

hiy  hold  back  from  (m)  *23,7. 
s«C  granary. 

hiw.t  shed  *3,9. 
inb.t  skin,  body  *12,10.  50,2. 


£)  h'.t  nose. 


idy.t  town  Crocodilopolis 
(in  the  Eaj'oum  province) 
4,3. 


^  y 


I 


kiy  to  be  high. 
ki  height  *20,9. 

^  kih  to  double. 

kbh  cool,  to  be  glad  *56,3. 

khhw  cool  water  *1,10. 


.6,7. 


'|  lp»i  to  create,  to  do  *16,1. 
ktny  anointing-oil  *50,1. 

^ _ 0  kny  to  be  strong. 

kny  brave  *15,7.  26,8. 
kny.i  strength  *13,1.  *18,2. 


[j — '  knb.t  officials. 

knd  to  be  angry. 
kry  thunder  *46,1. 


krhv  coffin  *54,6. 
krs.t  burial  *20,1. 

kd  to  build. 


kd  character. 

kdSw  town  Cadesh  *40,10.  51,3. 


Ssp  to  receive,  to  take  *13,7. 
23,9.  to  conceive  *49,9. 
^  linen  *8,8. 

Js  corn  *15,1. 
ssr  arrow. 

X  Sti  secret  *31,10. 

§dy  to  suckle  *5,7.  20,2. 
Sdy  to  read  *22,1. 


kiy  to  think  *42,9. 

I _ I  ki  Ka  (guardian  spirit,  gen¬ 

ius,  etc.). 
ki  bull  *4,6.  28,1. 
ki.t  work  *4,9.  20,3. 
ki.t  wife  *49,9. 
kiry  Nubian  country  *17,10. 


'S 


78 


Vocabulary:  Jcsp—tj)h.t, 


kip  to  smoke. 

k{i)S  (fem.l)  c.  Nubia  tS>13  *27,6. 

ky.ty  the,  the  other  §  43. 
^k  ickw  darkness  *35,6. 


kfi  to  unveil  *46,4. 

I  kni  to  complete  *18,1. 
h>l.f  Egypt  *14,1.  44,4. 
kni-wr  Isthmus  of  Suez 
*43,10. 

ksy  to  bow  *19,2. 
kS  see  kii. 

S  g 

ghh  g.  Geb  *28,6. 
ykgl)  to  cast  down  *37,10.  53,7. 

to  find  *25,5. 45,8. 46,5. 
UXgnih  to  perceive  *44,2. 
53,1. 

gmJi.t  crown  *38,10. 
g»igtu  to  crack  (?)  *46,3. 

gnw.t  chronicles  *15,10. 

■  to  be  silent. 
gr.t  but  *56,9.  §  64c. 
grh  rest,  night. 

.-C  grg  to  lay  a  trap  *51,3. 
g^  side  *11,3.  50,4. 
r-gs  near  *52,11. 

O  t 

0  fi  bread  *1,9.  15,1. 


J 


■■■  '  ti  earth,  land. 

fi-)?i)-y  Egypt  *34,7. 
ti-sty  Nubia  *52,2. 
ti-dsr  cemetery  *8,6.  19,5. 
iis  border  *17,10. 
iyty  to  tread  under  foot  *13,4. 
twt  figure,  form. 
iwt  to  unite  *50,1  (“altoge¬ 
ther”). 

@  tp  head.  tp-C  see  C. 

tp  upper  pai-t,  terrace  *20,5. 
fp  upon,  on  *23,5. 
tpy  he  who  is  upon  *19,5.  21,5. 
tpy.t  best  oil  *50,1. 
ipy-C.wy  forefather,  ancestor 
*39,10. 

I  tpy  the  first  *5,3.  32,7.  §  47. 

£1  tpy  to  breathe  *49,10. 
tf  see  yt  father. 

tm  not  to  be  *1 1 ,3.  56,8.  §  98. 
§  139. 

£  try  time  *43,8. 

tnn  obelisk  *16,6.  20,8. 


H 


t 


til/  man  *49,8. 

chicken  *55,7. 
ti.ty  vizier  *2,7.  52,4. 

tiw  wind  (cf.  nfw). 
tw  thou,  thee  *5,5  ft’. 

^  (b.t  sandal,  sole. 
tph.t  cave  *22.7. 


Vocabfi.ary;  tny — (Jihc. 


79 


tny  to  lift. 

iny  town  This,  Thinis  district 
*9,2.  27,5. 
tnii.t  throne  *38,3. 
thwhw  to  rejoice  *35,1. 
thn  to  collide  *37,5. 

III]  t'pi  to  shine. 
r=®=ct  ts  knot,  to  tie. 


tsy  to  lift  *29,4. 


d 


A 


d.t  hand. 

dih  fig  *1,9.  7,2.  45,8. 
dy  to  give  §  74. 

to  appoint  *41,11. 
dy-Cnli  to  give  life  §  128a. 
m-dy  together  with,  of  *51,10. 
■)!<  dwi  to  adore  *27,1.  32,1. 
dwi  to  become  morning  *18,8. 
dwiy.t  morning  *23,5. 
dwn  to  stretch  out,  to  move  *45,6. 
dbh  to  request  *54,5. 
dp.t  ship  *44,11. 

dp.t  taste  *44,1. 
dmd  to  unite. 

(“united”)  *32,5. 
dr  to  drive  away. 
drp  to  sacrifice  *23,8.  36,7. 
dsr  red. 

dkr  fruit  *7,5. 
ddmn  Nubian  g.  *25.2. 


d 


d.t  eternity,  eternal  *4,3.  6,11. 

I  diy  to  cross  over  *43,3. 
iH,  di»m  generation  *49,7. 
didi.t  college  *21,7.  35,11. 

®  dsdi  head  *13,6. 
hry-didi  being  upon. 

chief  *4,4.  8,2.  10,10. 
dC  storm  *44,9.  48,3. 

dCm  elektron  (silver-gold)  *16,8. 
20,5.10. 

1^^  (Iw  mountain  *19,5. 
cliv  (hiv?)  bad. 

db.t  brick  *25,5. 

dbi  to  replace. 

2  dbC  seal,  to  seal. 
dfi  food  *19,7. 

S’  driv  border  *7,7. 

dr  since  *16,10.  39,10.  §  134. 
r-dr  whole  *26,5.  (§  44). 

dhwty  g.  Thot  *35,10. 
d.i  self  §  44a. 

dir  splendid  *4,7.  31,9. 
dd  to  say  *9,9.  21,2. 
r-dd  that  *51,4.11. 

§  dd  to  last,  to  exist, 
li  dd.t  duration  *24,7. 

ddw  town  Busiris  *8,5.  29,7. 


Remarks  on  the  Reading  Exercises. 


Tlie  reading  exercises  are  easier  texts  gathered  in  such  a  waj’ 
tiiat  out  of  the  simpler  sentences  of  the  texts  a  connected  paragraph 
was  chosen  or  formulated.  More  difficult  parts  of  the  text 
ai-e  completel3-  dispensed  with.  Nowhere  is  an3thing  added;  only 
in  a  few  cases  an  exceptional  orthograph3-  had  to  be  replaced  b3' 
the  customary  one  of  the  same  word.  The  separation  of  words 
and  the  placing  of  signs  have  been  carried  out  in  such  a  wa3"  that 
the  beginner  can  easil3’  recognize  the  separate  word-pictui'es;  in 
this  respect  the  antique  originals  look  diflferent,  but  this  had  to  be 
withheld  from  the  beginner. 

The  reading  exercises  are  to  be  taken  in  order,  and,  in  fact,  only 
after  the  sections  referred  to  in  the  margin  have  been  studied. 
The  difficulty  of  the  texts  grows  gradually,  although  the  simple 
language  and  the  clear  unity'  of  words  of  the  classical  age  predo¬ 
minate.  It  is  only  at  the  end  that  e.xamples  of  the  freer  vernacular 
of  the  New  Kingdom  and  the  antique  of  the  Old  Kingdom  are 
given.  The  contents  are  quite  dissimilar.  Single  woi'ds  and  short 
titles  form  the  beginning.  Besides  the  temple  inscrijjtions  of  kings, 
there  are  insci'iptions  from  the  graves  of  men  in  private  life;  then 
there  are  hy'inns  to  gods,  and  finally'  some  belles-lettres. 

In  the  following  remarks  the  numbers  *1 — *56  with  the  number 
of  the  line  refer  to  the  reading  exercises.  The  section  marks  (§§) 
refer  to  the  grammar,  and  the  designations  03,  M74  to  the  hst  of 
hieroglyphs  (page  54  ff.).  Egyptian  words  in  italics  are  found  in  the 
vocabulary  (page  63  ff.).  With  the  assistance  of  the  helps  al¬ 
ready  mentioned  the  hieroglyphics  are  to  be  transcribed  into  Latin 
letters  according  to  §  19,  and  a  complete  written  translation  should 
be  made.  Then  try  to  re-translate  into  hieroglyphics  the  tran¬ 
scription  as  well  as  the  translation  without  helps. 

Page  *1,  2 — 7:  Alphabet  (§  12),  together  with  the  latin  tran¬ 
scription,  should  be  copied  often  until  complete  ease  is  acquired. 
In  like  manner  all  printed  groups  are  shortened. 

*1, 8  —  11:  for  reading,  writing,  and  translating:  single  words  out 


Rkmarks  on  the  eeatvino  exercises:  '2,1  *11,4. 


81 


of  lists  of  offeving.s.  *2,  1—3:  names  of  men,  preceded  by  a  title 
and  followed  by  miC-hrw  “blessed”  in  different  forms.  Proper  names 
with  a  meaning  should  ahvays  be  analysed  into  their  component 
parts  and  translated.  *2,  4—5:  names  of  women,  as  in  1  —  3. 
*2,  6  — 11:  names  of  men  and  women  xvith  titles  and  epithets. 

*3,  1 — 2:  names  of  family  relations  followed  by  proper  names. 

*3,  3—4:  two  men  Avith  statement  of  relationship  or  titles. 

*3,  5 — 7:  sentences  xvith  verbal  forms;  8 — 11:  titles  of  two  officials. 
9:  §  39.  9:  Inny.  10:  pr-M  03  +  M74;  §  39.  *4:  titles,  1—3 

and  6 — 8  of  two  kings  (Amenemhet  I.  and  Thutmose  III.),  4 — 5 
and  9  —  11  of  three  officials.  1:  dy-Cnh  presented  with  life.  4: 
district  of  the  Ory.x-Antilope  (N  46,  Q  59,  E  17).  *5,  1 — 2: 

date  from  Abydos,  during  the  time  of  king  Amenhotep  I.  2:  niri/ 
beloved.  *5,  3:  title  of  a  priest  and  of  a  temple-official. 

*5,4-8:  address  of  the  goddess  Hathor  to  king  Thutmose  III.  The 
suffix  y  “my”  is  not  written,  or  is  represented  by  the  woman  (§  53). 
7  :  “milk”  is  plural  §  37  b.  *5,  9 — 1 1 :  address  of  a  god  to  the 

king.  9:  di/.n.y.  11  :  §  133.  *6,  1 — 4:  hymn  to  the  dead. 

Order  of  words  §  55.  *6,  5 — 11:  dedicatory  inscription  on  a 

lime-stone  door  in  the  Amon-temple  of  Amenhotep  I.  at  Karnak. 
6  —  7:  title  of  a  king.  8,11:  §  133.  *7,  1  —  7:  description  of  a  fertile 
land  in  Syria;  the  verb  “to  be”  is  usuallj'  not  expressed  (§27).  1: 

§  58.  2:  §  61a.  3:  §55.  7:  §  138.  *7,  8  — 11:  high-priest  of 

Amon.  10:  ntr-nfr  the  king.  *  8,  1 — 3:  Amon  of  Karnak  and 
Luxor.  *8,  4  —  11:  dated  sacrificial  formula  (“day  one”)  for 

Antef;  htp  dy  sin  “an  offering  xvhich  the  king  gives”,  is  a  shortened 
formula  for  “offering”.  6 — 7:  §63.  8:  §  88.  *9,  1  —  9:  the 

dead  speaks  from  the  grave.  2:  yry.n.y  “I  have  built  (it)”;  first  the 
district  U-wr  “Tliinis”,  then  the  town  ihd>v  “Abj’dos”  which  is  in 
it.  4—8:  epithets  of  Osiris.  5:  §140,  141.  8:  nty.iu  “the  existing”. 
*9,  9 — 10;  2:  ss  relates  personal  experiences.  1:  dweller  in  the 
palace  =  king.  *10,  3 — 8:  Thutmose  1.  relates  why  and  for 

Avhat  purpose  he  restored  the  temple  of  Osiris  in  Abydos.  3:  hn.y 
“my  majesty”.  4,5:  §  64.  4:  §  92.  *10,  9 — 11:  chief  builder 

and  high-priest  of  Amtm.  9:  §  106.  *1  I,  1 — 3:  address  of  a 

vizier,  chief-justice.  3:  §  98.  *11,  4 — 11:  dedication  on  a 

granite  door  in  the  Amon-temple  of  Thutmose  III.  at  Heliopolis. 

Roedeb-Mekcee,  SnoBT  Egyptian  GitAJtMAR  ® 


82 


Eemarks  on  the  reading  exercises:  *12,1 — *21,5. 


10:  §  109.  11:  §  128.  §12,  1—4:  dedication  on  a  granite  door 

in  the  Amon-temple  of  queen  Hatshepsut;  the  words  and  suffixes 
relating  to  it  have  feminine  forms  only  in  part.  3:  §  109;  dh'  mnw 
ymn  is  the  name  of  the  door.  4:  §  128b.  *12,  o — 13;  11: 

“poetical  stela”,  Amon  addresses  Thutmose  111.  12,5:  §  82,  105.  7: 
§62.  8:  §  105.  9:  §  39a.  10:  §68.  *13,  1:§105.  yij.n.y 

is  almost  without  meaning;  tyty.lc:  §  88;  ymy.w:  §  63.  5:  skr  §  30. 
6:  §  88;  Cjjr:  §  82.  1 1 :  §  82.  *14,1 — 7  :  titles  of  Rameses  II. 

and  Psamtik  I.;  the  epithets  begin  with  an  adjective  or  participle. 

1 ;  vik  according  to  §  13.  *14,  8—11:  royal  official.  9:  lord  of 

the  palace  =  the  king.  *15,  1 — 3:  recorder  of  bread  and  corn. 
*15,  4:  note  .about  a  woman  who  sits  beside  her  husband. 

*15,  5 — 6:  Hatshepsut,  wife  of  the  king.  *15,  7—8:  address 
of  a  king.  7:  read  mry  RC  7,  8:  §  115.  *15,  9  —  11:  address 

of  Thoth  to  Thutmose  III.,  whose  title  he  establishes.  9;  yry.y  “I 
make”.  10:  imv.y.  11;  yry  participle.  *16,  1 — 2:  address  of 

Hathor  to  the  king.  1:  km^.t  participle.  2:  rni\.y  “I  brought  up”; 
my.  §  64;  mrr.ry.  §  92;  Txki  \  §  106;  the  “nine-bow  (people)”  are  the 
arch-enemies  of  the  Egyptians.  *16,  3 — 11  :  dedication  for  the 
two  obelisks  of  Hatshepsut  in  Karnak.  6:  §  109.  7:  name  of  door. 
10:  §  96.  11:  §  133.  *17,  1 — 11:  scarab  of  Amenophis  III.  in 

commemoration  of  his  marriage  with  Tyy  whose  parents  were  of 
simple  birth.  *18,  1 — 19,  3:  death  of  Thutmose  III.  and  accession 
of  Amenophis  II.  1:  §  64b.  3:  siC-m  “of”.  4:  nfry.t-r  “until”.  7: 
hC.w  ntr  of  the  body  of  the  king;  yry.  §  113.  8:  §  69b. 

*19,  2:  later  sign  for  m  §  13.  *19,  4 — 9:  sacrificial  formula 

from  the  gi’ave  of  Nhty,  Anubis  is  to  give  thousands  of  oft’erings 
to  the  dead.  5:  epithets  of  Anubis.  8;  §  112.  *19,  10 — 20. 

2 :  note  on  a  woman,  who  was  the  wet-nui'se  of  the  king.  1 0 :  Sii.t.f 
for  “his  wife”,  namely  of  the  lord  of  the  grave;  7i-is.t-yb.f  “his 
darling”.  11:  Hr  the  king.  *20,  3 — 11:  two  verses  from  the 

strophically  arranged  autobiography  of  a  chief  of  builders.  3 : 
hmw.tyw  “hand  artist”.  4;  /i.t-7)tr  “temple”  with  two  further 
poetical  descriptions  of  the  same.  *21,  1 — 4:  acclamation  to 

the  visitor  of  a  grave,  who  should  pray  for  the  buried  person.  1 : 
nvr:  §  113;  Ass:  §  92.  2;  §  116.  4:  §  115.  *21,  5—22,  11: 

detailed  appeal  of  the  same  kind.  5;  §  70.  8:  §  116.  9;  §  135.  11: 


KeMAUKS  on  the  HEAUlNli  EXEUCISES:  *22,1 — *3a,5.  83 

nw.tyw  ‘‘the  towii-gods”  i.  e.  the  gods  of  the  luother  city.  *22,  1  : 
my  “so”.  4:  §88.  5;  §  104.  6:  §  120.  9,  10:  §  104.  *23,  1--24, 

:i ;  otferiiig  formula  with  wishes  for  the  life  of  the  dead  iu  the 
future,  oft".:  infinitive,  dependent  on  dy.f.  6:  C/c  “to  go  in  and 
out  again".  7:  §  96.  8:  §  95;  m-m  “together  with”.  10:  §  113. 

24,  1:  swr  §  oO.  *24,  4—8:  Anion  speaks  to  Hatshepsut. 

5:  §  120.  6:  mrr.y,  hi:  §  50.  8:  yry.iu.nJ  n.y  §  120.  *24,  9  11: 

address  of  .\nion  to  Thutmose  Ill.  9:  Si.y.  11:  §  128.  *25, 

I  -11:  dedication  of  the  Dedwen-temple  of  Thutmose  III.  at  the 
second  cataract.  3:  king  Sesostris  111.  made  a  god.  4:  §  109; 
Nubian  sand-stone.  5:  64b;  it  fails  him.  6:  §  66  a.  7:  “as  some¬ 
thing  which  a  son  did”  §  118.  8—9:  epithets  of  “father”  §  112. 
10:  order  of  words  §  55:  Thutmose  speaks  in  the  first  person. 

*26,  1  — 11  :  Admiral  Ahmose  relates  his  deeds.  3:  hpr.t  §  114.  4: 
§  82.  5:  (?/•./  §  44.  6:  §  66b.  yry.w  “those  who  belong  thereto”. 

7:  §  66a.  8  —  9:  proverb.  8.  ynyry.t.n.f  %  120.  *27,  1  —  29,  4: 

Osiris  hymn.  *27,  1-8  :  title  of  the  suppHant,  usually  in¬ 
troduced  bj'  relative  forms  §  118.  1:  §  61  g,  107,  2.  hnnh  §  106. 

4:  read  n  hh  n  rnp.tvt  “of  millions  of  years”.  5:  U-wr  “district  of 
Abydos”.  7:  hr-yh  of  the  king  §  133.  10:  §  70.  *28,  1  —  29, 

1 :  epithets  of  Osiris.  1—4:  pla3-  on  the  words  hi  and  nfr.  2:  pivy 
for  2)iu  §  57  b.  6:  syih  “who  glorifies  him”.  Off.  active  relative 
form  §  118,  between  which  are  passive  participles  §  112;  both  with 
n.f  “for  him”,  “to  him”.  11 :  is  it  yry.w.n  §  118  “which  was  made 
for  him”  or  is  mh.t.f  omitted  as  *33,  2?  *29,  2:  Geb,  father 

of  Osiris.  4:  appeal  to  Osiris,  §  99.  *29,  5 — 6:  address  of  the 

god-king.  5:  n-d.n.y  Si.y  n  h.t.y.  *29,  7—30,  6:  ofifering  for¬ 

mula  for  Autef,  who  finallj’  speaks  himself.  11:  district-prince  of 
the  Min-district  (Panopolis,  Achmim).  *30,  2—6:  first  person 

singular.  3:  §  120.  6:  §  120.  *30.  7—31,  5:  Nubian  war 

of  Thutmose  U.  7 :  §  87;  “to  rejoice  the  heart  of  his  majesty”  = 
to  announce  to  him.  9:  §  90.  8,10:  §  64a.  11 — 1:  §  124b. 

*31,  2 — 3:  §  132.  *31,  6  —  33,  7:  Osiris  hymn,  consisting 

only  of  epithets.  *32,  i:  passive  participle.  2:  the  circum¬ 

polar  stars.  4:  “those  tarrj'ing  there”  =  the  dead.  5:  hsf.w  §  106. 

II  flp.:  §  118.  *33,  2:  Isis;  mk.t  §  13.  3  —  7:  epithets  of  Isis. 

6:  biyy.  *33,  8 — 36,  2:  the  appointment  of  Horus  as  world- 

6* 


84:  Eeiurks  on  the  reading  exercises:  *33,8 — *49^1. 


ruler;  from  a  hymn  to  Osiris,  who  is  addressed,  in  35,  7. 

*33,  8:  rsrs.  9:  §  68.  11.  f  repeats  the  subject,  Horus.  *34,  1ft’.: 
epithets  of  Horus.  l:§113b.  2:  §89.  3:  §81.  6:  §  113b.  8:  §118. 
11:  ndm.w  §  80.  *35,  2:  §  124b.  5:  mric.t.f  “love  to  him”. 

6:  “father”:  Osiris.  9:  the  office  of  the  god-king.  *36,  1: 

“it”  is  omitted  §  133.  2:  §  87.  *36,  3 — 11:  appeal  to  the 

visitors  of  the  grave.  3:  §  70;  uti/.iv  §  141.  4:  §  105.  5:  §  116.  6: 
§  135.  7  :  §  126.  *37,  1  —  11:  victorj'  of  Thutmose  III.  over 

Naharina  (Mesopotamia).  1:  §  64b:jj/'j  §57c.  3:  r  “more  than”. 
4;  §106.  5— 7:  §  127.  7:  ?(«  §  57.  9:  §  125b.  *38,1-39,4: 

a  god-king  speaks  to  Thutmose  III.;  the  suffl.x  “I”,  “my”  is  usually 
not  written.  4:  §  102.  11  tiw  and  39,  1  h.wt:  written  as  plural  in 
accordance  with  §  36a.  *39,  1:  (y)hmAv  “those  who  know 

(thee)  not”  with  the  antique  inital  y.  2:  rn.y  §  58.  4:  §  128. 

*39,  5-1  1:  Senmut  (*4,  9),  favourite  of  queen  Ilatshepsut  (repre¬ 
sented  as  king),  is  proud  of  his  exalted  position.  10:  §  111. 

*40,  1-41,  6:  Amenemheb  relates  his  warlike  deeds  under  Thut¬ 
mose  111.;  the  suffix  of  the  first  person  singular  is  often  not  written. 
*40,  2:  “he  wished  that”;  yry  §  63.  4:  hft\  conjunction  “when” 
with  the  tense  sdm.f.  8:  ym.sn:  among  the  barbarians. 

*40  41,  1:  §  41.  3:  §  59.  *41,  7  —  42,  4:  monument  which 

Thutmose  111.  presented  to  the  high -priest  Kb-icC.wy  as  a  proof  of 
favour.  7:  dy.w  “given”,  namely  the  stone.  *42,  2:  §  55,  54. 

*42,  5-43,  2 :  Sinuhe  relates  his  fight  with  a  Syrian  hero.  6 :  a 
hero  without  his  like.  7:  “he  said  that”.  *43,  2;  war-god  Mont 
(nintw).  *43,  3 — 44,  8:  Sinuhe  relates  bis  llight  as  desei'ter 

from  the  left  bank  of  the  Nile  to  Syria  by  way  of  the  Egyptian 
fortresses  at  the  Bitter  Lakes.  4:  §  141c.  5:  §  111;  hd  from  the 
way  northward  to  land.  6:  §  94,  133.  7:  §  63.  8:  §  128.  11:  ti  “on 
account  of”.  *44,  3:  §55.  4:  §41.  8:  §  120.  *44,9  -  45,11: 

a  man  relates  his  ship-wreck  in  the  Bed  Sea.  *44,  9:pry.iv 

§  82;  yic.n  §  134.  10:  §  64.  11:  nty.w  §  141.  *45,  1:  §  138.  2: 

§  82.  5;  §  132a.  7:  §  120.  *46,  1  —  48,  11:  a  dragon-god  appear.s 

to  the  ship-wrecked  man  and  prophecies  his  deliverance.  *46,  2: 
§  58.  3:  §  132b.  11:  §  134.  *47,  2:  §  137  yn-m.  5:  §  82. 

8:  §  55.  9:  §  58.  *48,  2:  from  (the  number  of)  the  select.  7: 

§  103.  8:  §  126a.  9:  rl.ir.ii.k  §  120.  *49,  1  50,  11:  song  of 


Remarks  on  the  reaiuno  exercises:  "*^49,2 — "^56.  85 

the  harper,  in  tlie  tonil)  of  Neferhotep,  who  summons  to  eiijoymeiit 
of  life  (in  the  vernacular  §  8o  with  article  §  41).  *49,  2:  §  41. 

.V.  hpr  §  60.  8:  irtl  11 :  §  100.  *50,  1:  §  101a.  4:  i.mhn.t  §  33g. 

7:  §  136;^j/j  §  o7c.  8:  mri/  §  ll3a.  11:  §  55.  *51,  1  —  53,  11: 

battle  of  Raineses  II.  against  the  Kheta  (Hittites)  on  the  Orontes. 
Report  in  the  vernacular.  *51,  1:  §  64.  3:  §  80.  4:  §  138;  r-dd 
“thats”  5:  §  133.  7:  §  141.  9:  §  64h,  §  128b.  *53,  3:  §  132b. 

4:  §  87.  8:  133.  50,  4:  “hour”  of  rage.  *54,  1  —  11:  Una 

elateiy  his  warlike  deeds  (ancient  language;  suffix  first  singular  is 
usiialla  not  written).  4:  >■  “more  than”.  5:  §  81.  6:  §  95;  first  the 
matre“  lis  given,  then  the  object.  7:  §  130.  8:  hr-hi.t  antique  for 
t  at  the  head  of”  §  62a.  10:  lujj.w.sC.  11:  §  54,  66b. 

*55,  1  —  11:  hymn  of  Ainenophis  IV.  to  the  sun-god  Aton.  1 :  §  66a. 
2:  §  70.  5:  §  134.  7:  §  124 a.  8:  conjecture  “it”  after  LC^ih  §  133, 
9 ;  the  names  of  the  countries  are  removed  from  the  sentence  and 
are  repJesented  by  s(i)  nb.  11:  hr//  §  63;  icn///  “(corn-)food”. 

*56,  1  — 7:  a  sage  gives  the  king  advice  how  to  enjoy  himself.  1: 
§  102,  18c.  3:  §  126b.  4:  §  105,  110.  *56,8—11:  prologue  and 

epilogue  of  a  chapter  of  the  Book  of  the  Dead.  8:  §  139.  9 

§  135,  68.  lO:  §  96.  11  :  §  118. 


Index. 

(ludex  in  completion  of  the  table  of  contents.) 


i  ii3  consonant  §  29a.  Sound-change 
§  3c a. 

Accusative  §§  21a.  54.  55.  108. 
Adjective  §§  42 — 45. 

Gender  §  20. 

With  dependent  substantives§4  2. 
Used  substantivelj’  35.  41. 
Verbal  adjective  g  IIG. 

Adverb  §§  65 — 70. 

All  r-dr  §  44b. 

Article  §  41. 

In  address  §  7  oh. 

AUribute  §§  40.  42b.  35c. 
Au.xiliary  verbs: 

ytv,  u'li  to  be  g§  122 — 126. 

to  stand  §  127. 
yry  to  do  §§  128.  129. 
pi  to  have  been  §  130. 
Causative  g§  76.  78. 
Circumstantial  form  idm.tf  §  111. 
Come  75.  101b. 

Comparison  g§  45.  61b. 
Complementary  infinitive  §  110. 
Compounds : 

Substantives  §§  35e.  38. 
Prepositions  §  62. 

Conditional  form  §§  80 — 82. 
Conditional  sentences  §§  82.  88. 
135. 

Conjugation  (Semitic)  §  76. 
Conjugation  with  suffi.xes  §§  23. 
83-96. 

Conjunctions  §§  60.  64. 

Not  o.xpressed  §§  134  —  136. 
Conjunctive. 


Tense  Mmf  §§  91  —  94. 

After  conjunctions  g  64. 
Construct  state  §§  21c.  40. 

Date  §  48. 

Dative  §§  21b.  61c.  54.  55. 
Declension  §§  '.1.  40. 

Dental  sound  §  32b. 

Determinative  g§  11.  17. 

For  compounds  §  35e. 

In  the  plural  §  36c. 

In  the  dual  §  39b. 

Doubled  form  see  emphatic  foim. 
Dual  see  determinative. 
Duplicating  verbs  §  73. 

Emphasis  bj’  means  of  yn  §g  13 la. 

eig. 

Emphasis  in  the  sentence  §  131. 
Emphatic  form:  tense  idm.f 
91  —  94. 

Enclitic  conjunctions  §§  64.  69b. 
Future  §  126. 

Gender: 

Nouns  §§  20.  43.  46.  50—52. 
Conditional  form  §  81. 
Suffix-conjugation  §  86. 
Imperative  §  99. 

,  Infinitive  §  104. 

I  Participles  §  114. 

!  llelatives  §  118. 

I  Genitive  §  21c.  Of  the  infinitive 
§  105. 

Gentilics  §§  42b.  63. 

Give  §§  74.  10  la. 

/i-sound  §  31.  Sound-change  g  33c. 

I  Hebrew  g§  7.  12. 


Index. 


87 


hr  preposition  §  fild. 

With  infinitive  §5  106.  lli-Ib. 
125b.  132b. 

Imperfect  (Semit.)  §§  79.  112. 
Impersonal  use: 

of  the  suffix-conjugation  §  87. 
of  the  infinitive  §  109. 

Infinitive  with  /(r,  see  hr. 

Inrtection  of  the  verb: 

by  means  of  piersonal  suffix  §  86. 
by  means  of  personal  endings  §81. 
Interjection  §  70. 

Interrogative  sentences  §  137. 

Indirect  §  136. 
k :  suffix  §  52. 

ending  of  conditional  form  §  81. 

I  in  hieroglyphs  §  30a. 

9H  prefi.xed  to  substantives  §  35b. 
iMoods  of  the  verb  §§  79.  91. 
n  ns  consonant  §  30. 

Formation  of  perfect  §  23. 

With  dative,  see  dative. 

With  subject  of  a  partic.  §  115.  j 
Names  of  countries  fern.  §  39Aa. 
Names  of  gods  §  18a.,  with  end¬ 
ing  u’  §  35  d. 

Names  of  kings  and  titles  of  kings 
§  18b. 

Negative: 

of  sentences  §§  28b.  138. 
of  verb-forms  §§  98.  139. 

Neuter  §  39Ab.  “it”  §  54. 

Niph'al  §  77. 

Nominal  sentences: 
real  §  27. 
unreal  §  132. 
with  yxo,  un  §§  123 — 12^. 
with  pio  §§  58.  131b. 

Nominal  verb-forms : 
infinitive  §§  104—110. 
participles  §§  r2 — 117. 
relative-forms  §§  118 — 120. 
Nominative  §§  2 la.  54. 

Noun:  §§  35 — 41. 

Gender  §  20. 

Adjecfively  used  §  42a. 


Object  §§  25.  55.  108. 

Omission : 

of  consonants  §  IJ. 
of  weak  consonants  §  16. 
of  endings  §§  36d.  43.  46.  80 
97.  99.  114.  118. 
of  suffix  of  1st.  sing.  §  53. 
of  words  §§  133.  134 — 136. 
Optative: 

tense  sihn.f  §§  88.  93. 
passive  with  tw  §  95. 

Passive: 

formation  with  tw  §§  83.  84.  95. 
duplicating  form  §  94. 
formation  with  w  §§  83.  84.  96. 
use  with  yn  “since”  §  61g. 
Perfect  (Semit.)  §§  79.  112. 

l_Egypt.(  §§  23.  84.  89. 

Pi‘er§  76. 

Plural: 

of  the  noun  §§  20b.  36.  37.  38. 
of  the  imperative  §  99. 
of  the  infinitive  §  105. 
of  the  participle  §  114. 
Plural-strokes  §§  20b.  36.  37. 
Possessive  pronoun  §§  22.  52.  59. 
Predicate,  see  nominal  sentence. 
Predicative  §  97. 

Prepositions  §§  60 — 63. 

As  adverbs  §  67. 

Gentilic  §  42b. 

Present  §§  23.  88. 

Prohibition  §  103. 

Pronouns : 

personal  (absolute)  §§  49.  54. 
possessive,  see  possessive, 
interrogative  §  137. 
demonstrative  §  56. 
relative,  see  relative  sentence, 
reflexive  §  49. 
suffixes  §§  22.  52.  53.  59. 
Pseudo-participle  §§  80.  82. 
pw  in  nominal  sentences  §  58. 
Quality  §§  80.  82. 
r:  as  consonant  §  30. 
sound- change  §  33a. 


88 


ISDEX. 


forms  adverbs  §  66b. 
preposition,  see  vocabulary. 
Eelative  sentences  §§  28.  141. 
rh  “to  know’’:  conditional  §  82. 
5-sound  §  32.  Sound-change 
33d.  f.  53. 

Sentence  §§  25.  28.  131  —  ’41. 
Semi-vowel  §  16. 

Semitic  language  §§  7.  12. 
Sound-change  §§  33.  19. 
Substantive,  see  noun. 

Suffix  §§  22.  4P.  52.  5P. 

With  prepositions  §  60. 
Suffix-conjugation  §§  83 — 96. 
Syllable-signs  §§  10 — 11.  15. 
f-ending  of  the  feminine  §  20. 

Ending  of  the  adverb  §  66a. 
f-sounds  §  32b. 

Sound-change  §§  33e.  f.  g.  53. 
Temporal  sentences  §§  134.  88.  89 
64. 

'J’enses: 

conditional  §§  80 — 82. 
suffix-conjugation  §§  83 — 96. 
predicative  97—98. 
circumstantial  sdm.t.f.  §  111. 
That  §§  136.  88. 


ty.  ending  of  conditional  §§81.  33g. 
e.iding  of  the  dual  §  39. 
ending  of  the  gentilic  §  4  2. 

To  be  g§  26c.  27. 

Transposition : 

of  characters  §  14. 
of  consonants  §  34. 
tic:  ending  of  the  passive  §§  84.  96. 
Verb  §§  71  —  130. 

Verbal-adjective  §  116. 
Verbal-sentence  §  26. 

Vowels  §§  9.  8  1.  10.  73.  91. 

10 ;  weak  consonant  §§  16.  29d. 
sound-change  §  33b. 
ending  of  masculine  noun  §  35d. 
ending  of  plural  §§  .  Ob.  36. 
ending  of  adverb  §  66a. 
in  -weak  verbs  §  72. 
ending  of  passive  §  96. 
wy.  ending  of  dual  §  39. 

Weak  consonants  §§  16.  19.  29. 

In  verb-stem  §  72. 

AVords  (order  of)  §§  25.  55.  131. 
y.  weak  consonant  §§  16.  29b. 
Sound-change  §  33a— b. 
in  the  gentilic  §  42b. 
in  weak  verbs  §  7“’. 


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